in ANATOMY STUDY OF THE SHOOT 31 



smooth or hairy. Similarly describe the surface of every stem met 

 with. If this is done for a few weeks, the reader will have a very 

 valuable series of notes. 



EXPT. 25. Collect a few branches of the following plants : Haw- 

 thorn, Rose, Sloe, Bramble, Hop, Cleavers, Borage, and prickly 

 Comfrey. Examine and make notes of the size of the prickles, thorns, 

 spines, and emergences found on them. Sections should be made 

 through the stem so as to show the connection of the covering with 

 the underlying parts. 



Leaves. Leaves are developed as lateral outgrowths from 

 the growing point of the stem. They are often said to be 

 flattened out stems. They may be deciduous, that is, they may 

 fall off from the stem each year ; or persistent, remaining on the 

 tree for a number of years. The Oak produces the former kind 

 of leaves and the Holly the latter. 



Leaves are developed in regular order, the older ones being 

 found on the base of the young twig and the younger ones near 

 the apex. There are four kinds of leaves which grow on the 

 stem. They are : 



Foliage-leaves, or the ordinary green leaves of the plant. 



Scale-leaves, or those found covering the bud. 



Bracteate-leaves are found close to the flower, which they as 

 a general rule protect. 



Floral-leaves ; some of these are coloured, and the flower is 

 built up by them. 



All these kinds of leaves are not found on every plant. Most 

 plants possess foliage leaves, but the Dodder has only scale 

 leaves. In the Lily of the Valley, the foliage leaves, bracts and 

 floral leaves are all developed. In the Wallflower only the first 

 and last are found. 



EXPT. 26. Collect branches of the Oak and Fir in winter. 

 Notice that the twigs of the Oak are without leaves, but the Fir is 

 well covered with them. 



SUMMARY. 



Shoot. Built up of stem and leaf. The growing point is at the apex, 

 and is surrounded by leaves. 



A bud is an undeveloped shoot. There are three kinds of buds, viz. , 

 stem-buds, leaf -buds, and flower-buds. The bud at the apex of a stem 

 is called the terminal bud, and those behind lateral^ and if the latter 



