186 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS CHAP. 



Filament. The relative length of the filaments and pistil 

 must be noted. The stamens are long if .longer than the pistil, 

 and short if shorter than the pistil. The filament may be broad, 

 hairy, or petaloid. If the filament does not bear an anther the 

 stamen is called a staminoid. 



Anther. The anther as a rule is two-lobed, these being 

 joined by a rib the connective. The anther may be united to 

 the filament so that it is free to swing, when it is called -versatile. 

 If it is joined by its base to the filament it is basifixed. When 

 the filament enters the back of the anther it is dorsifixed. If the 

 lobes of the anthers face the pistil they are introrse and when 

 they turn away extrorse. 



Gyncecium or Pistil. The whole collection of the carpels 

 of a single flower constitute the gynoecium. The cohesion of 

 the carpels is included in describing a flower. There are three 

 kinds of pistils : 



Monacarpous, when the pistil consists of a single carpel, as in 

 the Pea and Gorse. (Fig. 184). 



Apocarpous, when there are two or more carpels and they are 

 separate or distinct, as in the Buttercup and Strawberry. 

 (Fig. 163). 



Syncarpous, when there are two or more carpels and these are 

 united together, as in the Wallflower, Deadnettle, and Hyacinth. 

 (Fig. 196). 



The adhesion of the pistil is superior when it is inserted above 

 the other parts of the flower, as in the Buttercup and Foxglove. 

 If the pistil is inserted below the other parts of the flower it is 

 said to be inferior, as in the Fool's Parsley and Daffodil. 



Style. The style may be long or short according to the 

 length of the stamens. It may be hairy, angular, or round. If 

 the style springs from the side of the ovary it is lateral, from the 

 top terminal, and from the base it is called gynobasic. There 

 will be one style to each carpel of an apocarpous pistil. In 

 syncarpous pistils, the styles may be separated along their whole 

 length or along part of their length, or united along their whole 

 length. 



Stigma. The apocarpous pistil will, as a rule, have one 

 stigma to each carpel, and in most syncarpous pistils the number 

 of the carpels can be obtained by noting the number of the 

 stigmas. Thus if there are three stigmas the number of carpels 



