236 BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS CH. xvn 



Seeds may be distributed by the wind ; by explosive fruits ; by 

 clinging to animals ; by the digestive process of animals. 



Fruits or seeds may have appendages which act the part of a para- 

 chute. Fruits may be armed with hooks which cling to the hair and 

 wool of animals ; or they may be succulent and so get eaten by animals, 

 the seed being afterwards dropped uninjured. 



Seeds germinate when placed under suitable conditions. Some 

 plants bury their seeds, others provide the seeds with coverings which 

 enable them to bore their way into the soil. 



QUESTIONS ON CHAPTER XVII. 



1 i ) Explain precisely in what points of structure a seed differs from 

 an ovule. (1880.) 



(2) What is a fruit? How does a true fruit differ from a spurious 

 fruit ? 



(3) What is a berry ? What are the advantages to a plant to have this 

 kind of fruit? (1877.) 



(4) Describe and compare the fruits of the following plants : the 

 Buttercup, the Cabbage, the Gooseberry, the Orange. (1890.) 



(5) Draw and describe the fruit of a field Geranium, and point out the 

 uses of some of its peculiarities. 



(6) Describe the structure of the seed of the Buttercup, of the Apple, 

 and of the Onion. ( 1 89 1 . ) 



(7) Distinguish between albuminous and exalbuminous seeds, giving 

 an example of each. What is the use of the albumin ? (1894.) 



(8) What is meant by the "dehiscence" of a fruit? Describe the 

 dehiscence of the fruit of the Marsh Marigold, the Pea, and the 

 Primrose. 



(9) Describe and compare (a) the capsule and the berry, (b) achene 

 and drupe, giving an example of each. (1898. 



(10) From what part of a flower may the fruit be developed? De- 

 scribe an achene, a follicle, and a nut, giving examples. (1889.) 



( 1 1 ) Describe and compare the fruits of the Strawberry, the Raspberry, 

 and the Gooseberry. ( 1 893. ) 



(12) What is the aril? Describe the different forms of this structure 

 which are found in British plants. (1891.) 



(13) Give examples of fruits and seeds which are dispersed by the 

 aid of birds and other animals, explaining in each case how the dispersal 

 is effected. (1893.) 



