156 



BOTANY. 



generally loosely arranged, with large intercellular spaces be* 

 tween them (Figs. 131 and 133), and these are in free com- 

 munication with the external air by means of the stomata. 

 It most frequently happens that this loose tissue is in the 

 under part of the leaf, while the 

 upper portion is composed of one or 

 more layers of closely placed cells ; 

 and this agrees with the general 

 distribution of the stomata, there 

 being usually many more on the 

 under than the upper surface. 



203. The upper denser tissue, 

 termed palisade tissue, is composed 

 of elongated cells, which stand at 

 right angles to the surface of the 



. !&. Section of tne"pali- , , ,-p,. , -i\ T 4.1 



tissue of the leaf of MM- leaf (Fig. 131). In cross-section the 



nocystis lobala, taken parallel to T,J^ s^lln m-i;*-., 3 ;! nrii-'K 



the leaf surface. A few of the palisade-cells are cylindrical, with 



cells drawn with their contained ,,-,,.,11 iiitavr>allnl<ir eivinae Kpfwpon 



chlorophyll grannies. X 250. Small lllteiCeJ 



From a drawing by J. C. Arthur, {hem (Fig. 132), or j n some cases 



they are more or less compressed and angular. 



In general, palisade tissue is confined to the upper surface 

 of the leaf, the lower being occu- 

 pied by the loose tissue previously 

 mentioned ; but there are some cu- 

 rious exceptions to this rule. The 

 most notable of these is found in 

 the leaf of Silplrium laciniatum 

 the so-called Compass Plant * of 

 the Mississippi Valley ; its chloro- 

 phyll-bearing parenchyma is almost 

 entirely arranged as palisade tissue, 

 so that the upper and lower por- 

 tions are almost exactly identical 



111 Structure (Flo;. 134). The Ver- are drawn showing their chloro- 

 ,' phyll granules. X 250. From a 



tical leaves of the Manzanita of drawing by J. c. Arthur. 

 the Pacific Coast (Arctostaphylos pungens, var. 

 have a similar structure. 



* For descriptions of this curious plant, whose leaves have a marked 

 tendency to stand with one edge to the north and the other to the 



