RUBIALES. 



517 



nlar (actinomorphic) ; leaves with stipules. A large order of over 4000 

 species, the greater part of which inhabit tropical countries. It is 

 divided into twenty-five tribes, many of which differ so greatly from 

 each other that they have been regarded as orders by some botanists. 



The most common representatives of this order in the United States 

 are the species of Galium (Bedstraw or Cleavers), Mitchella (Partridge 

 Berry), and Houstonia (Bluets). 



Cephalanthm occidentalis, the Button Bush of the Eastern United 

 States, is a tall shrub bearing glossy green leaves and spherical heads 

 of white, sweet-scented flowers. It deserves to be ranked among our 

 ornamental shrubs. 



Pinckneya piibens, a small tree of the Southeastern United States, is 

 known as Georgia Bark, or Fever Tree, on account of the medicinal 

 qualities of its bark. 



Cinchona, of several species. This South American genus contains 

 thirty or more species of trees ; several of these, as C. officinalis, C.cali- 



PIGS. 451-5. ILLUSTRATIONS OF COFFEA AKABICA. ALL MAGNIFIED. 



PIG. 451. 



PIG. 452. 



FIG. 453. 



PIG. 454. FIG. 455. 



Pig. 451. Berry. Pig. 452. Seed ; ventral face. 



Fig. 453. Seed ; dorsal face. Fig. 454. Transverse section of seed. 



Fig. 455. Dorsal face of seed, cut away to thow embryo. 



saya, C. succirubra, etc. , all natives of the Andean regions of Peru, 

 Bolivia, and New Granada, furnish the drug known as Peruvian 

 Bark. This bark contains two important alkaloids, viz. : Cinchonia 

 (C a o H a N a O), and Quinia (C ao H a4 N a O a -f 3 H a 0) ; the latter as a 

 sulphate is the exceedingly valuable medicine, Quinia Sulphate, or 

 Quinine. Cinchona trees are now cultivated in India, Java, Mauritius, 

 aud Jamaica. 



Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, a semi-shrubby plant of Brazil, supplies from 

 its roots the well-known emetic Ipecacuanha. 



Coffea Ardbica, the Coffee Tree, a native of Abyssinia, is a small- 

 sized evergreen tree, bearing clusters of white flowers in the axils of 

 the opposite glossy leaves. The red berries are about as large as/ 

 cherries, and each contains two plano-convex seeds, the coffee seeds of 

 commerce (Figs. 451-5). The Coffee tree was introduced into Arabia 

 from four to five centuries ago, and into Java, by the Dutch, about 

 two centuries ago. It has since been taken to Brazil and other parts 



