556 BOTANY. 



with the next, but this arrangement .has not generally been adopted by 

 botanists. 



Dicentra speetabilis, the Bleeding Heart, a showy Chinese species, i 

 in common cultivation for its heart-shaped pink-red flowers. Our 

 native species, D. Canadensis and D. Cucullaria, are pretty, and are 

 sometimes cultivated. 



Climbing Fumitory (Adlumia cirrlioua) is a delicate native climber, 

 also cultivated in gardens. 



Order Papaveraceee. The Poppy Family. Herbs and a few low 

 shrubs, with a milky or colored juice, alternate leaves, and actiuo- 

 morphic flowers ; stamens indefinite, seeds with endosperm (Figs. 542- 

 5). The order as here constituted includes about sixty species, natives, 

 for the most part, of the North Temperate Zone. They contain a nar- 

 cotic principle. 



The most important plant of the order is the Opium Poppy (Papaver 

 somniferum), a native of many parts of the Old World, and now culti- 

 vated in Southern Europe and India. Opium is obtained from it by 

 scarifying the full-grown but still green capsules ; the juice which ex- 

 udes soon hardens and is then collected, constituting in this state the 

 crude Opium of commerce. 



Opium contains from six to twelve per cent of an alkaloid substance, 

 Morphia (Cn H 19 N 3 +H 2 O), to which its narcotic properties are 

 mainly due. 



Other species of Papaver, several of which are in common cultiva- 

 tion in flower-gardens, contain Opium, but it is not considered to be as 

 valuable as that from the Opium Poppy. 



Sanguinaria Canadensis, the Blood-root, a pretty native plant of the 

 Eastern United States, contains in its red juice narcotic properties sim- 

 ilar to those of Opium. 



Among the ornamental plants besides Poppies and Blood-root, are 

 Bocc/mia, a tall-growing Chinese perennial, Argemone, from Mexico, 

 and Eschscholtzia, from California. 



Order Sarraceniacese. Perennial marsh herbs, with radical tubular 

 leaves, solitary actinomorphic flowers ; stamens indefinite ; seeds with 

 endosperm. Species ten, nine of which are natives of the United 

 States. (Figs. 546-7.) 



Sarracenia purpur.ea, the common Pitcher Plant of the Northern, 

 and Eastern United States, inhabits peat bogs and " cranberry marshes." 

 Its open, pitcher-like leaves contain water, in which many decaying in- 

 sects may always be found. The structure of the interior surface of 

 the pitcher is such as to make it exceedingly difficult for insects, when 

 once in it, to escape, being lined for some ways down with myriads of 

 short and sharp stiff bristles which point downwards. Without doubt 

 tbese plants are nourished by the decaying insects in their leaves, and 

 to this extent they are to be regarded as saprophytes. In some Southern 

 species, as, for example, 8. variolaris and S. psittacina, the pitcher ia 



