250 GENERAL BOTANY 



easily distinguished from ortho or anatropous seeds, 

 because of the bent, curved embryo inside. 



If we examine an ovary, we shall find that (except 

 in a very few cases) all the ovules are of the same 

 kind, and are all borne in the same way, mixtures 

 of ortho, anatropous and campylotropous seeds never 

 occur, and we shall in nearly every case find all the 

 seeds sticking out at right angles to the placenta, 

 or all hanging down (pendulous) or all standing up 

 (erect). 



Both ortho and anatropous ovules may be pen- 

 dulous or erect. In the pendulous position, ortho 

 seeds have the micropyle facing upwards, in the erect 

 position downwards. With anatropous and campylotro- 

 pous seed, it is of course the other way about, for 

 the micropyle is at the basal end of the seed near 

 the placenta. As but few genera have ortho seeds,, 

 it is usually sufficient to know whether the micropyle 

 faces upwards or dowmvards. 



In the case of anatropous and campylotropous seeds, 

 as the ovule develops, the nucellus becomes fused to 

 its stalk for that part of it along which it is bent 

 back, the ridge so formed being the raphe (p. 48). 

 According as the ridge is on the side next to or 

 away from the placenta, it is termed a ventral or 

 dorsal raphe. 



Upon a little consideration it will be clear that erect 

 ovules with dorsal, and pendulous ovules with ventral 

 raphes, are much alike, and differ only in being 

 pendulous or erect. Erect ovules with ventral raphes, 

 and pendulous ones with dorsal raphes, are also much 

 alike and different from the first pair. 



