COMPOSITE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.) 235 



Tribe IX. CYNABOIDE^:. Flowers all tubular and perfect (the outer ray-like and 

 neutral in n. 82). Involucre much imbricated. Anthers caudate, long-appendaged 

 at tip. Style-branches short or united, obtuse, unappendaged, smooth, with often a 

 pubescent ring below. Pappus mostly bristly. Leaves alternate. 



* Achenes attached by the base. Flowers all alike. 

 - Leaves not prickly. Style-branches partly distinct. Filaments glabrous. 



78. Arctium. Involucral scales hooked at the tip Pappus of short rough bristles, 



H- - Leaves prickly. Style-branches coherent, usually a pubescent ring below. 



79. Cnicus. Pappus-bristles plumose. Receptacle densely bristly. 



80. Carduus. Pappus- bristles not plumose. Receptacle densely bristly. 



81. Onopordon. Pappus-bristles not plumose. Receptacle deeply honeycombed. 



* * Achenes attached obliquely. Marginal flowers often enlarged and ray-like. 



82. Centaurea. Involucral scales appendaged. Pappus double and bristly, or very short 



or none. 



SERIES II. LIGULIFLOB-^B. Tribe x. CICHORIACJBLE. 



Corolla ligulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per- 

 fect. Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate. 



* Pappus none. 



83. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row, 8 - 12-flowered. 



* * Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles. 



84. Krigia. Involucre simple, not calyculate. Pappus of both chaff and bristles. 



85. Cichorium. Involucre double. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. 



* * * Pappus plumose. 



86. Tragopogon* Involucre simple, not calyculate. Achenes long-beaked. Stems leafy. 



87. iJeontodon. Involucre calyculate. Achenes fusiform. Leaves radical. 



88. Picris. Outer involucral scales spreading. Achenes terete. Stems leafy. 



* # * # Pappus composed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose. 

 *- Achenes not flattened, columnar or terete, often slender. 



M- Achenes not beaked. 

 *= Flowers yellow or orange. 



89. Hieracium. Involucre imbricated. Pappus tawny. Pilose perennials. 



90. Crepis. Involucral scales in one row. Pappus white, soft. Not pilose. 



= = Flowers white or cream-color or pinkish. Involucre calyculate. 



91. Prenanthes. Achenes short, blunt. Pappus tawny or brown. Stems leafy and heads 



often nodding. 



92. Lygodesmia. Achenes long, tapering. Pappus white. Stems nearly leafless ; heads 



erect. Western. 



H-f -+ Achenes beaked (sometimes beakless in n. 93). Flowers yellow. 



93. Troximon* Scapose. Involucre loosely imbricated. Achenes 10-ribbed. 



94. Taraxacum. Scapose. Involucre calyculate. Aohenes 4-5-ribbed. 



95. Pyrrhopappus. Scapose or branched. Pappus reddish, the base surrounded by a 



soft villous ring. 



96. Chondrilla. Stem branching, leafy. Involucre few-flowered, calyculate. Pappus 



white. 



- - Achenes flat or flattish. Pappus white, fine and soft. Involucre imbricated. Leafy- 

 stemmed, with panicled heads. 



97. L,actuca. Achenes more or less beaked. Flowers yellow or purplish. 

 93. Sonchus. Achenes flattish, not at all beaked. Flowers yellow. 



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