86 {HE BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA, 
ORDER X.—GALLINZ (GALLINACEOUS BIRDS). 
Toes four, the hind one small and elevated above the 
front ones; bill generally short, stout, hard, and horny; 
wings short, the outer primaries curved and much stiff- 
ened. 
Fami.y 31.—Tetraonide. Grouse, Partridges, etc.; 20 
species. 
FamiLy 32.—Phasianide. Pheasants, Turkeys, ete. ; 1 
species. 
FamiLy 33.—Cracide. Curassows, Guans, etc.; 1 
species. 
ORDER XI.—COLUMBZ (PIGEONS). 
All four toes on the same level; the hind toe about as 
long as the shortest front one; bill rather slender, deeply 
grooved; the nostrils opening in a soft fleshy membrane 
or skin. . , 
FamILy 34.—Columbide. Pigeons; 13 species. 
ORDER XII.—RAPTORES (VULTURES, HAWKS, 
AND OWLS). 
All four toes armed with strong, sharp, curved nails or 
talons; the hind toe, except in the Vultures, as long as 
or longer than the shortest front one; bill with acere, or 
covering of skin, at its base, through which the nostrils 
open, very strong and stout, the tip of the upper mandible 
with a sharply pointed hook. 
Fami.y 35.—Cathartide. American Vultures; 3 spe- 
cies. 
Fami.y 36.—Falconide. Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, 
; Eagles, etc. ; 39 species. 
FamiLy 37.—Strigide. Barn Owls; 1 species. 
FamiLy 38.—Bubonide.. Horned Owls, Hoot Owls, 
etc.; 17 species. 
