54 LAND AND FRESH-WATER SHELLS. 



THE EXCRETORY ORGANS. The excretory organs, organs of 

 Bojanus, or nephridia, are situated just beneath the pericardium. 

 They excrete guanin, not uric acid. Each is composed of a 

 glandular part, communicating in front with the pericardial cavity, 

 and of a non-glandular muscular part or vestibule, which communi- 

 cates with the fellow of the opposite side by the inter-renal aperture, 

 and with the exterior by a small pore the external renal aperture 



Fi^. 20. The Orgau of Bojanus in diagrammatic plan. 



which opens into the-supra branchial chamber dorsal to the 

 generative opening. The glandular portion consists of numerous 

 lamellae, and on these Kollmann has recently described blind 

 ciliated funnel-shaped openings which may in Anodonta be 

 present to the number of two hundred. 



THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. The nervous system consists of three 

 pairs of ganglia the cerebral or supra- otsophageal (which according 

 to Sprengel represents the cerebral plus the pleural ganglia in the 

 snail), the pedal, and the osphradial, olfactory, or parieto-splanchnic 

 ganglia, with numerous commissures. The cerebral ganglia are 

 situated at the base of the labial palps, and are united together 

 over the mouth by an inter-cerebral commissure ; they are triangular 

 in shape, and supply branches to the palps, mantle, gills, and 

 neighbouring muscles. From these ganglia two cords, forming 

 the cerebro-pedal commissures, run downwards and backwards to 

 the pedal ganglia in the foot. The pedal ganglia are situated at 

 the junction of the visceral mass and the foot ; they are orange- 

 coloured bodies giving branches to the foot. It is generally 

 stated that the nerve to the otocyst conies from the pedal ganglia, 

 but according to the recent researches of Simroth, it must be con- 

 sidered as arising from the cerebro-pedal commissure. 



