BEITISH TIMBER AND SOME OF ITS USES. 



patterns, cutting boards, and in the making of wooden 

 vessels and furniture. For calendar machines and in cotton 

 and jute factories it is much employed. 



Elm wood is extensively used for the boarding and 

 flooring of carts and wagons, in coffin making, for the frame- 

 work and foundations of bridges, naves for wheels, and the 

 keels of boats and ships. It makes strong furniture, and is 

 often substituted for ash in making agricultural inplements. 



Chestnut (Spanish) timber more nearly approaches that of 

 oak than any other species, and when stained is not only 

 substituted for it but the walnut as well. For piano sides 

 it is largely used, as also for rafters in open-roof churches, 

 for furniture and cabinet work, ship-fittings, sign-boards, and 

 post and rail fencing. 



Lime. The wood is white and very fine of grain and used 

 for carved work, sounding boards for musical instruments, 

 wagon breaks, packing boxes, toys, domestic utensils, and 

 for shoemakers' and saddlers' cutting boards. Charcoal for 

 gunpowder is made from this wood. 



Birch wood is largely used for turnery work, thread 

 bobbins, clog soles, shoe pegs, furniture making, hatters' 

 blocks, in the manufacture of brushes, and in toy making. 



Alder is used extensively for clog-soles, barrel staves, 

 mill-bobbins, and occasionally in furniture making. It 

 makes excellent charcoal for cooking and heating, as well as 

 that used in the manufacture of gunpowder. 



Horse Chestnut. The timber is largely used for packing 

 boxes, moulding patterns for castings, cutting boards, 

 manufacture of brushes, and other common uses. 



Poplar wood is wooly and tenaceous, and for this reason is 

 made into the bottoms of stone carts and barrows. It is well 

 adapted for making packing cases, railway breaks, weather 

 boarding, and for purposes where lightness is of greater 

 importance than durability. The Abele, or white Poplar, 

 produces perhaps the most valuable timber of any of the 

 numerous species. 



Hornbeam timber for cogs in mill gearing is well- 

 known, also in "bushing" for saw-mill rollers, and for 

 skittle pins. 



