36 THE FRUIT-TREE AND SHRUB PRUNER. 



Espaliers and pyramids may be renovated by cutting 

 back, if all is sound about the root and stem, and the 

 land is of a good friable loam or gravelly ; but if it is 

 of a stiff cold clay below, renovation by cutting back a 

 very old worn-out tree is but a poor speculation. 

 Grafting must be resorted to in such cases. 



Fig. 32 is an example of a well-devised young espa- 

 lier Apple. 



Fig. 33 is an example of the espalier past fruit-bear- 

 ing. In this case cut the laterals off at a, and graft 

 them, or allow the tree to make fresh growth, judging 

 whether it will do so or not from its healthy appear- 

 ance or otherwise. 



