V] POLLARD-TREES, STOOL-SHOOTS 61 



as coppice, the felling of a tree by the axe or saw em- 

 ployed close to the surface of the soil, results in the rapid 

 development of coppice-shoots from dormant buds at the 

 very base of the stem or trunk. These are explained by 

 exactly the same reasoning as we applied above to the 

 ordinary epicormic shoots ; and the same applies to 

 pollarding, where the rapid succession of shoots from 

 dormant buds at the base of the long branches cut off 

 some feet above the ground, soon results in the formation 

 of a new crown of branches. Pollarding and coppice — and 

 we include Osiers in the latter — are [sometimes] merely 

 particular cases of the development of epicormic branches 

 from dormant buds, it being of no importance here whether 

 the dormant buds are situated at the base of a branch, on 

 the course of the stem, or at the very base of the latter. 



The following trees are more or less easily induced to 

 form epicormic branches : 



Beech Elms Ash 



Alder Scots Pine Rohinia 



Silver Fir Oaks Maples 



Hornbeam Poplars Birch 



Spruce Larch 



True stool-shoots, however, arise from the wounded 

 tissues of the cambium, phloem, medullary rays and cortex, 

 exposed at the cut surface. 



Such wounds are followed by a rapid increase of the 

 cells beneath the injured surface, which grow out in the 

 form of a soft succulent cushion-like covering known as 

 a callus, for the detailed formation of which the student 

 may be referred to my book on Timber and Some of its 

 Diseases. Here it must suffice to point out that the buds 

 which give rise to true stool-shoots are formed de novo in 

 the tissues of the callus, and are not in any way due to 



