INJURIOUS INSECTS 



red, and the head black. When fully grown the caterpillar measures 4 ins. 

 in length, and is as thick as a man's finger. It lives in the wood of Willows, 

 Poplars, Ash, Oaks, Birch, and fruit-trees. After two or three years it 

 makes a cocoon of chips of wood in which to pass the pupal stage, and 

 emerges as a perfect insect in June or July. Infested trees are of little 

 use but for firewood. 



The Wood Leopard Moth (Zeuzera cesculi or Zeuzera pyrind) is white, 

 with numerous blue-black spots on the wings and thorax. The female mea- 

 sures 2|-2f ins. across the wings, and the male about half the size. The 

 larva is nearly 2 ins. long, yellow, with black spots. It lives in the wood 

 of various trees, principally Pear, Apple, Elm, Willow, and Plum. The 

 moth is seen from June to August. Flying somewhat heavily in the even- 

 ing, and resting in the daytime on the trunks of trees, it becomes an easy 

 prey to many birds. Titmice and other small birds eat the eggs, and the 

 green woodpecker is serviceable in taking the caterpillars from infested trees. 

 Little can be done to prevent the attack or to check its progress. 



The Pine-shoot Tortrix (Retinia buoliana) is a small moth with reddish- 

 orange fore-wings measuring nearly 1 in. across. In July the eggs are 

 laid singly on the terminal buds of young trees of Scots Pine. The small 

 dirty brown larva spends the winter in the bud, and in the spring hollows 

 out the leading shoot and most of the lateral buds, causing the stem to take 

 an objectionable twist. 



The Pine Looper or Bordered White Moth (Bupahts piniarius or Fidonia 

 piniaria) abounds in Fir-woods in May and June. The male is whitish or 

 yellowish-white and the female yellowish-brown. The green larva feeds on 

 the needles of Scots Pine from August to October. The humus matter 

 should be searched for pupae in autumn, and if many are present the leaf 

 litter should be burned. 



The Pine Beauty (Panolis (Trachea) piniperda) is found in Fir-woods in 

 March and April. The patches of pale orange on the reddish-brown fore- 

 wings make it impossible to mistake this moth, which is often seen on Sallows. 



The larva is green, with five white longitudinal stripes, and feeds on the 



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