TREES AND SHRUBS 



river side." It prefers cool and damp situations. Propagated by seed, which 

 should be mixed with sand and laid in an open pit till February, being 

 occasionally turned over to prevent heating ; sow in sandy soil, and transplant 

 after two years ; after another two years permanently plant in mild weather of 

 autumn or early spring. 



Floivers greenish-yellow, polygamous or dioecious, proterogynous, without 

 perianth, appearing before leaves, in a short, dense, RxWXaxy panicle, arising from 

 sides of leaf-buds near tips of young shoots ; Stamens 2, opposite, hypogynous, ! 

 purple ; Ova7-y 2-celled, stigmas sub-sessile, bifid, purple ; Fruit a samara (key), 

 in drooping bunches, compressed, linear-oblong, winged upwards, slightly notched 

 at tip, 1-1| in. long, glossy green streaked with black ; produced after forty 

 years ; ripe in October, often persisting through winter. 



Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, 12 ins. long or more, petiolate, exstipulate, 

 leaflets 7-13 or more, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, almost sessile, 3 

 ins. long, thin, glabrous ; petiole and midrib grooved. Autumn tints brown and 

 yellow ; leaflets disarticulating as they fall. 



A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches often turning downwards and then 

 upwards at extremities ; Tivigs somewhat dichotomous, compressed, usually only 

 one shoot in each pair coming to maturity, often the lower one, giving rise to 

 pendent boughs ; Buds large, quadrangular, protected by very dark oli\'e-green 

 scales, which are modified petioles ; Bark, pale grey, grooved ; JFood hard, light, 

 strong ; toughest and most elastic of 13ritish timber ; used for coach and wheel- 

 wrights' work, agricultural implements, domestic arts, and turnery ; in young 

 state (ground Ash) for walking-sticks, hoops, and hop poles. 



A native of Britain ; lives to about 200 years. Common name from A.S. 

 (CSC, the Ash-tree. 



Timber bored by larvae of Goat IMoth {Cossus ligniperda) and Wood Leopard 

 JNloth {Zeuzera ccsculi). 



Fungoid Pests: — Ash-leaf Spot {Septoria Frajcini), Heartwood-rot {Polij- 

 porics hispidus). 



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