TREES AND SHRUBS 



ovoid-conoid, slightly 5-angled, scales are stipules ; Bark thick, rough, dark, 

 deeply furrowed, net-like ; Wood hard and durable. 



Native of Britain ; common over greater part of England, Ireland, and 

 Scottish Ijowlands ; by many regarded as a distinct species. English name Oak 

 from A.S. ac, the oak. Probable age of some specimens is 2000 years. Bark used 

 for tanning, and " Oak-w^ood extract" obtained from sawdust and waste 

 pieces. 



Insects injurious to Oak: — 1500 species of insects have been described as 

 subsisting on the Oak. The following are some of the most common : — Sap — 

 Plant Bugs ; Bark — Bark-mining Beetles {Scot ijt idee), Death-watch Beetles 

 {Anobiidce) ; Fruit — Acorn Weevil {Balaninus glandium) ; Leaves — Cockchafer 

 {3Ieloh»itha vulgaris), Leaf Roller Moth ( Tortrix viridana), Oak Eggar INIoth 

 {Bombyx quercus). Mottled Umber {Hybernia defoliaria), Winter Moth 

 {Cheimatobia brumata), Vapourer Moth {Orgyia antiqiui). Oak Beauty {Amphy- 

 dasis strataria), Peppered Moth {A. bctularia); Wood — Stag Beetle {Luca/ms 

 cervus), Lesser Stag Beetle {Dorcus paruUelopipedus), Goat Moth (Cossus 

 ligniperda), Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cBsculi). All parts of Oak attacked 

 by Gall Flies, giving rise to Oak Galls of various forms, most common being : — 

 Oak Apples produced by Teras terminalis. Marble Gall {Cynips kollari). 

 Artichoke Gall {Apldlothrix fecundatrix), Currant Gall {Spathegaster baccarum). 

 Oak Spangles {Neuroterus lenticularis), and Silky Button Gall {Neuroterus 

 miinismatis). 



Fungoid Pests: — \'egetable Beef Steak {Fistulina hepatica) always found on 

 dead parts of tree, Sulphury VV^ood-rot {Polyporus sidfureus), Sooty IMould 

 (Fumago vagans). 



RED OAK, Qncrvus rubra. 



Parks. April, May. 



Flowers moncecious ; Females, lobes of stigma elongated, linear and style- 

 like, at least as long as the rest of the Hower and its cupule ; Fruit a glans 



(acorn), long ovoid, cylindrical above, 1 in. long, sessile or very shortly 



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