CONIFERS 



notched, striate, loosely imbricated ; Females sessile at tips of preceding yeai-'s 

 shoots, IJ-^ ins. long, cylindrical, erect at first, scales thin, emarginate or 

 toothed, purplish-red ; Fruit a cone, terminal, cylindrical, pendent, 5-7 ins. long, 

 lJ-2 ins. broad, brown, scales 160-180, persistent, thin, flat, naked, truncate at 

 summit, 1-1^ in. long, \ in. broad ; seeds small, 2 at base of eacli scale, wing 

 five times as long, brown. 



Leaves acicular, spirally scattered, quadrangular, persistent, needles |-1 in. 

 long, very sharp, persisting 6-7 years ; petiole short. 



An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches in regular tiers, ascending towards 

 extremities when young, drooping when older, spray drooping, giving feathery 

 appearance, leading slioot in young trees very prominent ; Bark thin, smooth, 

 brown in young stage, warty and shed in irregular scales later : BiuU conical, 

 not resinous : Roots given off horizontally very near surface ; fVood light, even- 

 grained, elastic, durable ; used for masts, ladders, scaffolding, telegraph poles, 

 deals, wood-pulp, &:c. k.c. ; also furnislies Burgundy pitch ; young plants often 

 used for Christmas trees. 



Native of mountainous parts of Europe and Asia ; introduced about 

 1.548. 



Name Spruce Fir possibly of German (Prussian) origin, meaning the Fir- 

 tree whose shoots were most used for making spruce-beer (Ger. sprossen-bier — 

 sprossen, young shoots of trees — spriessen, to sprout). 



Pine-apple Galls resembling imperfect cones, bearing shoot at summit, 

 produced by Spruce Cone Aphis Adclges {Chermcs) abietis ; shoots often dis- 

 torted, sometimes killed; most frequent on young trees; galls said to be eaten 

 by Laplanders. 



HIMALAYAN SPRUCE, Picea iMorinda. 



Parks, gardens. April. Best on cold soils. 



Flowers montccious ; ]\[ale catkins usually solitary, cylindrical, sessile, 1 in. 



long; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong to nearly cylindric, 4-6 ins. long, 1| in. diam., 



pendulous, scales obovate, rounded, coriaceous, margin thin, dark brown, 



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