A Ten-year-old Emperor 

 vine spur pruned. The canes 

 were trained up when the 

 vine was three years old and 

 are permanent. The annual 

 growth from the spurs on 

 these canes, which are re- 

 gularly distributed, are cut 

 back to three eyes. Care is 

 taken to maintain the spurs 

 at the head of the vine about 

 10 inches from the ground, 

 with a view of training up 

 new canes, and cutting off 

 the old ones should they lose 

 their vitality. 



Note that the upper tie is 

 rope, and the lower one the 

 palm thong. 



base of the stake in the next row. This brace can be done 

 away with by using a 3x3, 7-foot outside stake and slanting 

 it. The canes are wound around the wires and tied in place 

 with lath yarn, which is a name given to old hauser rope 

 which has been unraveled. The old canes are cut away every 

 winter and replaced with new ones, which shoot out from the 

 spurs at the head of the vine. This method makes cultivation 

 somewhat more expensive, \as it only permits working the 

 rows one way, so that the centers between the rows must 

 be worked out with a hoe. It facilitates picking, and also 

 prevents the crowding of the bunches, with the additional 

 advantage of increasing the product of varieties inclined to 

 be shy bearers. 



RESISTANT VINES 



The ravages of the phylloxera in the grape regions of 

 France and the practical extermination of the French vine- 

 yards through this dreaded pest are too well known to require 

 repetition here. Today France is producing, more wine 

 than she did in her palmiest days, prior to the time this 

 pest was introduced. This wonderful change has been 

 brought about by the grafting of the table, raisin and wine 

 varieties, all of which are natives of Europe belonging to 

 the Vitis vlnifera class, and none of which, no matter how 

 strong they are, but will finally perish when attacked by 

 the phylloxera. 



The resistant sorts were originally wild American grapes, 

 natives of the Mississippi Valley. These were taken in hand 

 by the French viticulturists, improved by hybridization and 

 selection, until today a large number of sorts adapted to a 

 variety of soils and locations have come into general use. 



The destruction of vinifera vines is due to the roots rotting 

 whenever the insect makes a puncture, causing the vine to 

 perish in time. In the roots of the resistants, although sub- 

 ject to these attacks, the punctures do not extend deeper 

 than the bark of the rootlets, and as this is sloughed off each 

 year, the roots are left as healthy as before. The grapes of 

 the resistants are worthless; they simply serve as a stock 

 for the more valuable foreign varieties of wine, table and 

 raisin grapes, all of which succumb to the "attacks of the 

 phylloxera on their own roots. The cultural directions 

 already given for planting vines on their own roots may be 

 applied to the resistants in so far as preparing the vines for 

 planting. In planting the rootin^s, the vines should be set 

 so the union of the stock is at i-ast an inch above ground. 



38 



