THE KINGDOM OF MAN 



years later the skulls of the " Spy men " of the same type 

 as this were found in Belgium. This type lived in what 

 we call the early Stone Age, and was a low type of meat- 

 eating hunter. The next higher type, the third type 

 of man, is that identified with what geologists and 

 anthropologists call the "Gibraltar skull," from the 

 place where the skull was found. But all we know of these 

 types of man we must judge from their skulls and from 

 the stone implements and the animals found near them. 

 The skulls of primitive men and of modern men show a 

 certain difference in shape. If we take two skulls, that 

 of a man and a monkey, and draw a line from the region 

 just over the nose to the place at the back of the skull 

 just above where it joins the backbone, there is left 

 above the line a great dome in the human skull, whereas 

 in the monkey the place left above is much flatter and 

 much shallower. Now the skull of the Pithecanthropes 

 erectus found in Java resembles the monkey's skull in this 

 shallowness ; and the skulls of the Neandarthal and the 

 Spy men also had shallower brain-pans than the men of 

 to-day. They may, therefore, be either different creatures 

 or they may merely have had smaller brains. We can 

 only say that the creature called Man suddenly appears 

 among the lower animals with a brain some five or six 

 times the bulk (in proportion to his size and weight) of 

 that of any surviving ape. Great as is the difference, 

 it is one of the most curious facts in the history of man's 

 development that the bulk of his brain does not seem to 

 have continued to increase in any very marked degree 

 since the early Ages of Stone. 



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