128 "The Descent of Man" 



according to Dubois, belong to the uppermost Tertiary series, the 

 Pliocene, has recently been fixed at a later date (the older Diluvium), 

 the morphological value of these interesting remains, that is, the inter- 

 mediate position of Pithecanthropus, still holds good. Volz says with 

 justice 1 , that even if Pithecanthropus is not the missing link, it is 

 undoubtedly a missing link. 



As on the one hand there has been found in Pithecanthropus a 

 form which, though intermediate between apes and man, is never- 

 theless more closely allied to the apes, so on the other hand, much 

 progress has been made since Darwin's day in the discovery and 

 description of the oldest human remains. Since the famous roof of 

 a skull and the bones of the extremities belonging to it were found 

 in 1856 in the Neandertal near Diisseldorf, the most varied judgments 

 have been expressed in regard to the significance of the remains and 

 of the skull in particular. In Darwin's Descent of Man there is only 

 a passing allusion to them 2 in connection with the discussion of the 

 skull-capacity, although the investigations of SchaafFhausen, King, 

 and Huxley were then known. I believe I have shown, in a series of 

 papers, that the skull in question belongs to a form different from 

 any of the races of man now living, and, with King and Cope, I regard 

 it as at least a different species from living man, and have therefore 

 designated it Homo primigenius. The form unquestionably belongs to 

 the older Diluvium, and in the later Diluvium human forms already 

 appear, which agree in all essential points with existing human races. 



As far back as 1886 the value of the Neandertal skull was greatly 

 enhanced by Fraipont's discovery of two skulls and skeletons from 

 Spy in Belgium. These are excellently described by their discoverer 3 , 

 and are regarded as belonging to the same group of forms as the 

 Neandertal remains. In 1899 and the following years came the 

 discovery by Gorjanovic-Kramberger of different skeletal parts of at 

 least ten individuals in a cave near Krapina in Croatia 4 . It is in 

 particular the form of the lower jaw which is different from that of 

 all recent races of man, and which clearly indicates the lowly position 

 of Homo primigenius, while, on the other hand, the long-known skull 

 from Gibraltar, which I 5 have referred to Homo primigenius, and 

 which has lately been examined in detail by Sollas 6 , has made us 



1 "Das geologische Alter der Pithecanthropus- Schichten hei Trinil, Ost-Java." Neues 

 Jahrb. f. Mineralogie. Festband, 1907. 



2 Descent of Man, p. 82. 



3 "La race humaine de Neanderthal ou de Canstatt en Belgique." Arch, de Biologie, 

 vii. 1887. 



4 Gorjanovid-Kramberger. Der diluviale Mensch von Krapina in Kroatien, 1906. 



5 Studien zur Vorgeschichte des Menschen, 1906, pp. 154 ff. 



6 "On the cranial and facial characters of the Neandertal Kace." Trans. R. Soc. 

 London, vol. 199, 1908, p. 281. 



