Genealogical Trees 131 



over the new conception of the universe. As far back as 1866, in his 

 Generelle Morphologic, he had inquired minutely into the question of 

 the descent of man, and not content with urging merely the general 

 theory of descent from lower animal forms, he drew up for the first 

 time genealogical trees showing the close structural relationships of 

 the different animal groups ; the last of these illustrated the relation- 

 ships of Mammals, and among them of all groups of the Primates, 

 including man. It was Haeckel's genealogical trees that formed the 

 basis of the special discussion of the relationships of man, in the 

 sixth chapter of Darwin's Descent of Man. 



In the last section of this essay I shall return to Haeckel's con- 

 ception of the special descent of man, the main features of which he 

 still upholds, and rightly so. Haeckel has contributed more than any 

 one else to the spread of the Darwinian doctrine. 



I can only allow myself a few words as to the spread of the theory 

 of the natural descent of man in other countries. The Parisian 

 anthropological school, founded and guided by the genius of Broca, 

 took up the idea of the descent of man, and made many notable 

 contributions to it (Broca, Manouvrier, Mahoudeau, Deniker and 

 others). In England itself Darwin's work did not die. Huxley took 

 care of that, for he, with his lofty and unprejudiced mind, dominated 

 and inspired English biology until his death on June 29, 1895. He 

 had the satisfaction shortly before his death of learning of Dubois' 

 discovery, which he illustrated by a humorous sketch 1 . But there 

 are still many followers in Darwin's footsteps in England. Keane 

 has worked at the special genealogical tree of the Primates ; Keith 

 has inquired which of the anthropoid apes has the greatest number 

 of characters in common with man ; Morris concerns himself with the 

 evolution of man in general, especially with his acquisition of the 

 erect position. The recent discoveries of Pithecanthropus and Homo 

 primigenius are being vigorously discussed ; but the present writer 

 is not in a position to form an opinion of the extent to which the 

 idea of descent has penetrated throughout England generally. 



In Italy independent work in the domain of the descent of man is 

 being produced, especially by Morselli ; with him are associated, in 

 the investigation of related problems, Sergi and Giuffrida-Ruggeri. 

 From the ranks of American investigators we may single out in 

 particular the eminent geologist Cope, who championed with much 

 decision the idea of the specific difference of Homo neandertalensis 

 {primigenius) and maintained a more direct descent of man from the 

 fossil Lemuridae. In South America too, in Argentina, new life is 

 stirring in this department of science. Ameghino in Buenos Ayres 

 has awakened the fossil primates of the Pampas formation to new 



1 Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, Vol. n. p. 394. 



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