CHAPTER XIV 



PROTOBASIDIOMYCETES 



I. RUST FUNGI 

 ( 'rctlnmles 



ARTHUR, J. C. Uredinales. North Amer. Flora 7 : 85-160. 1907. 

 ARTHUR, J. C. Cultures of Uredineae; in 1899, Bot. Gaz. 1900; in 1900 and 



1901, Journ. Myc. 8: 1902; in 1902, Bot. Gaz. 35 : 1903 ; in 1904, Journ. 



Myc. 11 : 1905 ; in 1905, Journ. Myc. 12 : 1906. 

 BLACKMAX, \ . H. On the Fertilization, Alternation of Generations, and 



General Cytology of the Uredineae. Ann. Bot. 18: 3 2 3~373- pis. 21-24. 



1904. 

 CHRISTMAX, A. H. Alternation of Generations and the Morphology of the 



Sporeforms in the Rusts. Bot. Gaz. 44: 81-101. pi. 7. 1907. 

 ERIKSSOX, J., und HEXXIXG, E. Die Getreideroste, ihre Geschichte u. Natur, 



sowie Massregeln gegen dieselben. 463 pp. 13 pis. 1896. Stockholm. 

 FISCHER, E. Die Uredineen der Schweiz. 590 pp. 34.2 figs. 1904. Bern. 

 KLEBAHX, H. Die Wirtswechselden Rostpilze. 447 pp. 1894. (Extensive 



bibliography, which see, especially for important papers by Klebahn and 



others.) 

 McALPiXE, D. The Rusts of Australia. Dept. Agl. Victoria. 349 pp. 55 pis. 



1906. (Also extensive bibliography.) 

 OLIVE, E. W. Sexual Cell Fusions and Vegetative Nuclear Divisions in the 



Rusts. Ann. Bot. 22: 331-360. pi. 22. 1908. 

 PLOWRIGHT, C. B. A Monograph of the British Uredineae and Ustilagineae, 



with an Account of their Biology, etc. 347 pp. 8 pis. 1889. 

 RICHARDS, H. M. On Some Points in the Development of yEcidia. Proc. 



Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 31 : 255-270. pi. i. 1895. 

 SYDOW, P. Monographia Uredinearum. i. Puccinia. 972pp. 1904. Leipzig. 



The Uredinales comprise about two thousand species, all of 

 which are obligate parasites, and they represent perhaps the ex- 

 treme of obligate parasitism. In no case has it been possible to 

 grow these organisms upon artificial media or apart from the 

 hosts beyond the stage of mere germination or of promycelial 

 production. The host plants are predominantly the Spermatophyta, 

 or seed plants, although a small number of these fungi are para- 

 sitic upon ferns. The host deformities vary in external appear- 

 ance from almost inconspicuous discolorations to hypertrophies of 

 considerable size, on the one hand, or to extensive witches' brooms 



384 



