330 CLASSIFICATION OP ANIMALS, 



Order 6. The passeres have a conical sharp-pointed bill ; and the 

 nostrils are oval, wide, and naked. This order contains seventeen 

 genera, viz. loxia, colius, fringilla, phytotoma, emheriza, caprimul- 

 gus, hirundo, pipra, turdus, ampelis, tanagra, mucicapa, parus, 

 raotacilla, alauda, sturnus, columba. 



The generic characters of this class are taken from peculiarities 

 in the bill, the nostrils, the tongue, the feet, the feathers, the face, 

 the figure of the body, &c. 



The characters which serve to distinguish the species are very 

 various: for example, the colour of the particular feathers or parts 

 of feathers 3 crests of feathers on the head, disposed in different 

 manners ; the colour of the cere or wax ; the colour of the feet ; 

 the shape and length of the tail ; the number, situation, &c. of the 

 toes ; the colour and figure of the bill, &c. 



The third class, Amphibia, is divided into two orders. 

 Order 1. The reptiles have four feet, and breathe by the mouth. 

 This order contains four genera, viz. testudo, draco, lacerta, rana. 



Order 2. The serpentes have no legs, and breathe by the mouth. 

 This order contains six genera, viz. crotalus, boa, coluber, anguis, 

 amphisbaeua, caecilia. 



The generic characters of this class are taken from the general 

 figure of the body ; from their having tails or no tails; being co- 

 vered with a shell ; having teeth or no teeth in the mouth ; being 

 furnished with lungs; having covered or naked bodies; from the 

 number, situation, and figure of the scuta and scales; from the 

 number and situation of the spiracula; from the situation of the 

 mouth, &c. 



The specific characters are so very various, that it would be su- 

 perfluous to enumerate them. 



The fourth class, Pisces, is subdivided into six orders, the charac- 

 ters of which are taken from the situation of the belly fins. 



Order 1. The apodal have no belly fins. This order contains 

 eight genera, viz. inuraena, gymnotus, trichiurus, anarhichas, am- 

 modytes, ophydium, stromateus, xiphias, sternoptyx, leptoce* 

 phalus. 



Order 2. The jugular have the belly fins placed before the pec- 

 toral fins. This order includes five genera, viz. callionymus, ura- 

 noscopus, trachinus, gadus, biennius, kurtus. 



Order 3, The thoracic have the belly fins placed under the pec- 



