334 CLASSIFICATION OP ANIMALS. 



pathetic nerve ; five senses ; two moveable eyes ; and three semicircu- 

 lar canals in the ear. Tlie circulation is performed by one muscular 

 ventricle at least. There are lymphatic, as well as blood-vessels. 

 The jaws being placed horizontally, the mouth is opened by their 

 moving from above downwards, or from before backwards. There 

 is a continuous alimentary canal; peritoneum; liver, spleen, and 

 pancreas, two kidneys, and renal capsules ; and two testicles. 



The vertebral animals are subdivided into the warm and cold- 

 blooded. 



Warm-blooded vertebral animals have both ventricles in the 

 heart, and a double circulation; and breathe by means of lungs. 

 The cranium is completely filled by the brain. The eyes are closed 

 by eyelids. The tympanum of the ear is hollowed out of the 

 cranium, and the labyrinth is excavated in the bone. Besides the 

 semi-circular canals, there is a cochlea. The nostrils communicate 

 with the fauces, and allow the passage of air into the lungs. The 

 trunk is constantly furnished with ribs. 



In cold-blooded vertebral animals the brain never entirely fills the 

 cranium. The eyes seldom possess moveable eyelids. When the 

 tympanum exists, it is on a level with the surface of the head. 

 There is no cochlea. The different parts of the ear are connected 

 but loosely to the cranium. 



The division of warm-blooded animals contains two classes; mam- 

 malia and birds. 



The mammals are viviparous, and suckle their young (from 

 which circumstance the name is derived). They have an uterus with 

 two cornua ; and the male has a penis. 



There are two occipital condyles : a very complicated brain ; 

 four ossicula auditus, and a spiral cochlea. The skin covered with 

 hair. A muscular diaphragm separates the chest and abdomen. 

 There is an epiglottis. The lower jaw only moves. The fluid in 

 the lacteals is white, and passes through several congloblate glands. 

 There is an omentum. 



Blumenbach establishes the following orders in this class : 



I. Bimanum. Two handed. 

 Genus 1. Homo. 



II. Quadrumana, fourjhanded animals : having a separate thumb, 

 capable of being opposed to the other fingers, both in their upper 



