10. 



3. LIBERATION. An operation to free a young stand, not past the 



sapling stage, from the competition of older overtopping individ- 

 uals. Release may be accomplished by cutting, girdling, or chemical 

 methods. 



Note: The older trees may be of desirable species but of poor form 

 or less desirable species than the young growth. 



4. THINNING. A cutting in an immature stand, usually past the 

 sapling stage , for the purpose of stimulating the growth and improv- 

 ing the quality and composition of the stand without permanently 

 breaking the canopy. 



Note: When the felled material cannot be utilized, the operation 

 is called a pre commercial thinning. 



5. IMPROVEMENT TREATMENT. This is a special form of thinning that 

 applies particularly to stands that have been mismanaged or not 

 previously managed and may be accomplished by cutting, girdling or 

 chemical methods. 



6. SALVAGE. The removal of trees killed or injured by fire, 

 insects, fungi or other harmful agencies to utilize merchantable 

 material before it becomes worthless. 



7. SANITATION. A specific form of improvement treatment where 

 diseased, injured or insect-infested material is removed or treated 

 for the purpose of reducing the risk of pests or disease in the for- 

 est. 



3. PRUNING. The removal of live or dead branches from standing 

 trees to increase the quality of the final product. 



