"THE COM'ING OF SAVAGE MAN 43 



weapons or armor. Against their strength and wiles he could 

 pit only his few brains and poor wits. His bare hands availed 

 him little or nothing. It would have seemed to any intelligent 

 onlooker a hopeless struggle. The remaining trees must have 

 been a welcome refuge long after they ceased to furnish a 

 permanent dwelling place. 



The legs gradually lengthened and strengthened with the 

 habit of walking. The arms shortened somewhat; the hands 

 were used for a variety of new purposes. They were the 

 only tools of our anthropoid ancestor. The eyes were always 

 watching for every dim and remote sign of attack, the ear 

 intent to catch the faintest warning of approach of danger. 

 This was a new schooling, very different from the manual 

 training or gymnastics of arboreal life. The tests were ex- 

 ceedingly severe; only those who ''took honors" survived. 



Whether the orang ever intentionally throws down handy 

 missiles at his enemies may still be doubted. It is hardly 

 beyond his skill or intelligence. Our ancestor must soon have 

 learned to throw a handy stone or use a convenient stick 

 against smaller enemies. To have used a sharp stick for 

 digging would have required an intelligence no greater than 

 that of the young gorilla to-day. If he is learning to eke 

 out the weakness of his hands by addition of stick or stone, 

 he has started on the endless road of tool-using and device, of 

 discovery and invention. 



At Trinil, in central Java, Dubois discovered somewhat scat- 

 tered remains which appear to have belonged to one indi- 

 vidual to which he gave the name of pithecanthropus erectus, 

 or the erect ape-man, and which seems to stand midway be- 

 tween man and the apes. The remains consisted of two molar 

 teeth, a thigh-bone, and the top of a skull. The cranium is 

 low, the forehead exceedingly retreating, giving but very small 

 space for the frontal lobes of the brain. The brain-cast, made 

 from the cranial cavity, shows, according to Dubois, that the 

 speech area is about twice as large as in certain apes and only 

 one-half as large as in man. In size the brain stands some- 

 what above midwav betv^een the highest recent apes and the 



