"THE SURVIVAL OF tHE Fir^ESr 115 



another Socrates silences his opponents and closes the dis- 

 cussion with a statement of his own belief: 



" So, bidding farewell to those things which most men count 

 honors, and looking onward to the truth, I shall earnestly en- 

 deavor as far as may be in goodness and thus live and thus, 

 when the time comes, die. . . . The best way of life is to 

 practice justice and every other virtue and so to live and so 

 to die. This way, then, we will follow, and we will call on all 

 other men to do the same; not that way which you believe in 

 and call upon me to follow for that way, Callicles, is worth- 

 less." 



Callicles and Socrates differed in their standards of value. 

 There are many molluscan or carnivorous systems of phi- 

 losophy abroad to-day. But their defenders fail to give due 

 credit to the original discoverers and practitioners of their 

 school. Socrates' language sounds strange and foreign to 

 them. It is not up to date. But were their systems not dis- 

 proved as inadequate by human experiment and experience be- 

 fore the close of Palaeolithic time? It is the old story: So- 

 crates standing for fitness, Callicles for dominance. 



Callicles was a shrewd prophet. Socrates was condemned 

 to death and refused to listen to his friends who had bribed the 

 jailer to let him escape. He could hear the pleading of the 

 laws, '' ringing in his ears like the music of the flutes of 

 the Corybants and nothing else." He drank the hemlock 

 cheerfully, and died the gentleman that he always had been. 



Says Wundt concerning the goal and ends of life according 

 to the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle: " The end and goal 

 of life is a harmoniously developed soul whose powers are not 

 divided into hostile camps but every one subject to the whole; 

 all guided by the highest power, the Reason, which alone has 

 absolute value and worth in itself. . . . Thus arises a har- 

 monious soul, a personality complete in itself. Only he who 

 has attained this stage possesses all the virtues even the 

 highest, wisdom, the virtue of the rational aspects of the 

 soul." 2 But Greek literature, art and philosophy are all 



