22 ANTHROPOLOGY 



anthropologists, was the prime mover in the establish- 

 ment of the Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris in 1859 

 and of the ficole d'Anthropologie in 1876. His pioneer 

 work on craniology led to his invention of numerous im- 

 portant instruments for this study. His work on the 

 hybridization of the human species was the first study 

 to be made of race-mixture. TOPINAKD made valuable 

 investigations on the living population of France, and 

 his work " L' Anthropologie " (1876) has remained the 

 standard text-book almost up to the present time. The 

 third of the " Systematisers " was DE QUATREFAGES 

 (1810-1892), professor of Anthropology in the Museum 

 d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris. He was an early champion 

 of the much derided claim of man's great antiquity 

 upon this earth. His book "L'Espece humaine" (1877) 

 was one of the first to take into account the importance 

 of fossil forms of man. 



A list of other French physical anthropologists and their 

 interests should include DENIKER and his " Races et 

 peuples de la terre" (1900); HAMY; COLLIGNON, in pig- 

 mentation and anthropometrical surveys; QUETELET, a 

 pioneer of the biometric method; VERNEAU and his work 

 on the Grimaldi and Cro-Magnon "races"; BOULE on 

 the bones from La Chapelle-aux-Saints; and MANOUVRIER. 

 Mention should be made here of the work of BERTILLON 

 on the identification of criminals. 



Prehistoric Archaeology. In the field of prehistoric 

 archaeology, France has played the leading part. This 

 is due to some extent to the rich field for archaeology 

 to be found in France. It is significant that the current 

 modern name of each of the periods of the palaeolithic 

 culture in Europe is a French name associated with a 

 site where typical forms of stone implements were found. 

 The name of BOUCHER DE PERTHES stands out in this 



