9 8 ENGINEERING 



aeroplane; GRAMME, who developed the dynamo-electric 

 machine, and took an important part in the discovery that 

 dynamo machines are reversible, i.e., capable of being 

 employed as motors; BAUDOT, the designer of a multiplex 

 system, extensively used; Marcel DEPREZ, who was a 

 pioneer in the electric transmission of power; FOUCAULT, 

 who first discovered the losses of power in dynamos due 

 to eddy currents; MASCART; JOUBERT; HOSPITALIER; 

 Andre BLONDEL and Maurice LE BLANC, all of whom made 

 important contributions to electrical engineering science 

 and standards; the illustrious AMPERE and COULOMB, 

 who, though generally classified as physicists, have power- 

 fully contributed through their basic discoveries to the 

 progress of applied electricity ; lie DE BEAUMONT ; COMBES ; 

 GALLON; HAUY; Albert DE L APPARENT; Haton DE LA 

 GOUPILLIERE; DE LAUNAY; DAUBREE, all mining en- 

 gineers or geologists who have contributed largely to 

 engineering progress. 



In metallurgy may be mentioned SAINTE-CLAIRE 

 DEVILLE, whose laboratory experiments opened the way to 

 much metallurgical progress; REAUMUR, who discovered 

 the process by which castings of cast-iron may be made 

 malleable and which today is of great industrial import- 

 ance; MOISSAN, who in his electric furnace first succeeded 

 in reducing oxides hitherto deemed unreducible, and 

 produced a whole series of new carbides; GRUNER, to 

 whom we owe many of our scientific conceptions of the 

 complex reactions of the iron blast furnace; Pierre MAR- 

 TIN, who first succeeded in manufacturing steel in an open- 

 hearth furnace; OSMOND, the father of metallography; 

 HEROULT, who (though ignorant of the work done at the 

 time by the American metallurgist, Hall) invented the 

 electrolytic method of extracting metallic aluminum 

 from its ores, and whose electric furnaces are playing 

 an increasingly important part in the metallurgy of steel; 



