ENGINEERING 99 



POURCEL, who contributed so much to the early introduc- 

 tion of the Bessemer process on the Continent, and was 

 a pioneer in the manufacture of ferro-manganese; Henri 

 LE CHATELIER, eminent chemist and metallurgist, whose 

 inventions of the thermo-electric pyrometer, and numer- 

 ous other contributions, have made possible much im- 

 portant progress in the art of treating metals; SCHNEIDER, 

 of the Creusot Steel Works; Leon GUILLET and George 

 CHARPY, productive workers of great talent. 



Several of the living engineers mentioned above are prof- 

 essors in some of the French engineering schools (LE 

 CHATELIER, MESNAGER, DE LAUNAY, GUILLET, and 

 others). 



Instruction. Applied science in its many ramifica- 

 tions is taught in France in a large number of institutions. 

 In Paris alone not less than fourteen well-known schools 

 are devoted to technical teaching, namely: (i) Con- 

 servatoire National des Arts et Metiers, (2) ficole Natio- 

 nale Superieure des Mines, (3) Ecole Nationale des Ponts 

 et Chaussees, (4) Ecole Centrale des Arts et Manufac- 

 tures, (5) Ecole Professionnelle Superieure des Postes et 

 Telegraphes, (6) Ecole Speciale des Travaux Publics, 

 du Batiment et de Tlndustrie, (7) ficole Municipale de 

 Physique et de Chimie Industrielles, (8) Ecole Nationale 

 des Arts et Metiers, (9) Ecole Superieure d'filectricite, 

 (10) ficole d'Electricite et de Mecanique Industrielles, 

 (n) Ecole Pratique d'filectricite industrielle, (12) ficole 

 Breguet (electricite et mecanique), (13) ficole Speciale 

 de Mecanique et d'filectricite, and (14)' ficole Superieure 

 d ' Aeronautique et de Construction Mecanique. Im- 

 portant schools of Business Administration, of Archi- 

 tecture, of Agriculture, and of Military Engineering, 

 are also located in Paris. 



Applied science is likewise part of the teaching of 

 nearly all the provincial universities. These universities 



