134 HISTORY 



and of most parts of the world, as well as in a large 

 number of related fields. History is there conceived 

 in a broad and liberal spirit, with no exaggerated em- 

 phasis upon political details or special " interpretations." 

 Less attention than is usually the case in the United 

 States is given to economics and political science and 

 to their relations to history, the instruction in these 

 subjects being confined for the most part to the faculties 

 of law. Legal history, however, receives more emphasis 

 in France than with us, and law professors (such as 

 FOURNIER, GIRARD, CAiLLEMER, and others) have much 

 to offer to students of history. Certain other aspects of 

 history receive their due more fully in French than in 

 American universities, or, in some cases, than anywhere 

 else. This is notably true of geography, which in the 

 French programs is brought into a close and at times 

 even artificial connection with history; of archaeology 

 and the history of art, studied in the midst of a great 

 wealth of illustrative material at Paris; and of the history 

 of religions, represented at the College de France by LOISY, 

 and at the ficole des Hautes Etudes by a faculty of 

 seventeen, unequalled in number or quality at any other 

 center of learning in the world. Church history in the 

 state universities is taught only as a part of general 

 history and the history of religions; but courses of the 

 more conventional type are given in the private facul- 

 ties of theology, both Catholic and Protestant. 



In Ancient History, Paris has JULLIAN, whose 

 "Histoire de la Gaule" is a synthesis of a vast number 

 of special studies in the field of history, philology, and 

 archaeology; BOUCHE-LECLERC, whose manual of 

 Roman institutions has served a generation of scholars; 

 BLOCK, GLOTZ (on Greek law), GREBAUT; GSELL, the 

 historian of Domitian and of Northern Africa; in archaeol- 

 ogy and epigraphy, BABELON, COLLIGNON, FOUCART, 



