136 HISTORY 



Revolution. Others of note at Paris are BOURGEOIS, 

 the historian of diplomacy, DENIS for the nineteenth 

 century, and SEIGNOBOS for historical method and 

 general topics. More special courses are offered by 

 BERNARD, BLOCK, CULTRU, DEBIDOUR, REVON, and 

 REUSS, and work in diplomatic history is given by 

 BOURGEOIS and others at the Ecole des Sciences Poli- 

 tiques. In provincial universities there should be men- 

 tioned HAUSER and FEBVRE at Dijon; BOISSONNADE and 

 CARRE at Poitiers; DESDEVISES DU DEZERT at Clermont; 

 BLANCHARD at Grenoble; GAFFAREL at Aix; MATHIEZ at 

 Besangon; WEILL at Caen; MARIE JOL and WADDINGTON 

 at Lyon; SAGNAC and ST. LEGER at Lille; PARISOT at 

 Nancy; GACHON and BOURRILLY at Montpellier; DUMAS 

 at Toulouse; and COURTEAULT at Bordeaux. 



Institutions. The natural center for historical stu- 

 dents is the Faculty of Letters at Paris, generally known 

 as the Sorbonne, with which the courses of the Ecole 

 Normale (formerly reserved exclusively for its own 

 students) are now merged. Historical instruction is 

 given by formal lectures (open to the public, and serving 

 as excellent examples of the art of presentation); by 

 private courses and discussions; and by exercises for 

 the training of future teachers. 



To many, the opportunities of the Sorbonne, with 

 its nineteen lecturers on history, will appear sufficient. 

 American students, however, accustomed to the com- 

 parative simplicity and centralization of university 

 organization in the United States, need to have their at- 

 tention directed to the great number of special schools 

 and institutes outside of the central faculties of letters, 

 science, law, and medicine. Those most closely con- 

 nected with the study of history are the College de 

 France, which maintains important courses of lectures 



