i88 MEDICINE 



Paris, Bresson & Chaude, 1819) are models for all time. 

 His descriptions of emphysema, bronchiectasis, pul- 

 monary oedema, and hepatic cirrhosis, are classical. 



These precursors were followed by a remarkable body 

 of students of whom a few may be mentioned: 



BOUILLAUD, whose acute observations first called 

 attention to the relation between acute polyarthritis 

 and endocarditis, was also one of the earliest to point 

 out the phenomena of cerebral localization. ANDRAL 

 and CHOMEL, able clinicians and conscientious ob- 

 servers. RAYER, one of the earliest students of diseases 

 of the kidneys, whose beautiful atlas is still regarded 

 as a treasure by the fortunate possessor. Louis, 

 who through his patient studies and his "numerical 

 method," contributed greatly to the elucidation of the 

 symptomatology of tuberculosis, of yellow fever, and 

 especially of typhoid fever which he and his students 

 first clearly distinguished from typhus. To Louis 7 in- 

 fluence more than to that of any other one man do we 

 owe the introduction of accurate clinical methods into 

 America. Inspired by him, a large group of students, 

 including the Jacksons, the Warrens, Bowditch, Holmes, 

 and Shattuck of Boston; Alonzo Clark, Valentine Mott, 

 and Metcalf of New York; Gerhard, Norris, Stille, 

 Clymer, Ruschenberger, and Pepper, Sr., of Philadelphia; 

 Power of Baltimore; Gaillard, Gibbs, and Porcher of 

 Charleston; Cabell, Selden, and Randolph of Virginia; 

 brought home enthusiasm and ideals which have been of 

 incalculable benefit to American medicine. 



BRETONNEAU, celebrated for his studies on diphtheria 

 to which he gave its name. VILLEMIN, who in 1866 

 demonstrated the transmissibility of tuberculosis. 

 TROUSSEAU, the brilliant clinician, author of the cele- 

 brated Clinique de 1'Hotel-Dieu. MAREY, initiator of 

 graphic methods of the study of the circulation. POTAIN, 



