276 PHYSICS 



of Electromagnetism was first given by AMPERE, BIOT 

 and SAVART. FOURIER'S formulation of heat-conduction 

 was early adapted by OHM to the case of electric conduc- 

 tion. GRAMME in 1876 sent to America two of his new 

 generators, equipped with ring-armatures of his own 

 design; these machines mark the beginning of a new era 

 of large electric currents and of electrical transmission of 

 power. 



In the field of radioactivity, BECQUEREL and the 

 CURIES are known even to the man on the street. 



Instruction in the Universities. Paris. To-day this 

 brilliant succession of investigators is continued, in the 

 Faculte des Sciences of the University of Paris, by such 

 productive scholars as BOUSSINESQ, who is lecturing on 

 Heat Conduction; BOUTY, who offers courses on Thermo- 

 dynamics; LIPPMANN, whose subject is announced as 

 Electrocapillarity and Optics; and Mme. CURIE, whose 

 topic is naturally Radioactivity. Still other courses in 

 physics are offered by LEDUC Cotton ABRAHAM, and 

 KOENIGS. 



In the department of Mathematics, certain other 

 lectures with a physical trend are given by APPELL, 

 GUICHARD, DRACH, and others. 



The astrophysical investigations of DESLANDRES in 

 the observatory at Meudon are known to be of the 

 highest order and along the same lines in which HALE 

 in our own country has acquired eminence. 



Many advanced students in physics will be interested 

 in the opportunities for work along the closely related line 

 of Physical Chemistry in which courses are offered by 

 LE CHATELIER, URBAIN, and PERRIN. In the College 

 de France, the work of LANGEVIN in experimental physics 

 and HADAMARD in mathematical physics is well known 

 in America. 



