ZOOLOGY 



It is universally recognized that the French have taken 

 a prominent part in the development of biological science. 

 In the nineteenth century, CUVIER laid the foundations 

 of comparative anatomy and Claude BERNARD gave an 

 immense impetus to experimental physiology, while 

 LAMARCK, DUJARDIN, and PASTEUR were pioneers and 

 innovators in three of the greatest biological achievements 

 of the century. These three outstanding events that so 

 profoundly influenced the course of biological thought 

 are : the announcement of the theory of organic evolution, 

 the discovery of protoplasm, and the establishment of 

 the germ-theory of disease in connection with the science 

 of bacteriology. We may first briefly consider the part 

 played by Frenchmen in launching these three great 

 movements, and then take up matters that are more 

 strictly zoological. Inasmuch as Botany receives con- 

 sideration in a separate chapter, that which follows in 

 this chapter will apply to Zoology and its various sub- 

 divisions, and, also, to some of those movements which 

 in their broad applications affect the entire field of 

 biological science. 



(i) Organic Evolution. The doctrine of organic evolution 

 has produced the greatest intellectual ferment of the past 

 century. It has entered into the framework of all scien- 

 tific thinking, and has been characterized as "one of the 



1 [Drafting Committee: G. N. CALKINS, Columbia University; 

 F. R. LILLIE, University of Chicago; W. A. LOCY, Northwestern 

 University. ED.] 



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