ZOOLOGY 335 



structure; he founded comparative anatomy and verte- 

 brate palaeontology. The influence of LINN^US had 

 been to arouse an interest in natural history and in the 

 systematic arrangement of animals; but CUVIER directed 

 attention to more essential features, such as the struct- 

 ure, or organization, of animals, and he turned the current 

 of zoological progress into better and more promising 

 channels. In his investigations, he covered the whole 

 field of animal organization, from the lowest to the high- 

 est; and, combining his results with what had been 

 accomplished by earlier workers, he established com- 

 parative anatomy on broad lines (" Lemons d'anatomie 

 comparee," 1801-05) as an independent branch of natural 

 science. In the meantime he had also engaged in the 

 study of fossil vertebrates, and the publication of his 

 "Recherches sur les ossements fossiles" (1812) founded 

 the science of vertebrate palaeontology. 



LAMARCK, his distinguished contemporary, observed 

 the fossil remains of invertebrate animals and, in the 

 early years of the nineteenth century, founded inverte- 

 brate palaeontology. It thus appears that the beginnings 

 of comparative anatomy of living animals and the com- 

 parative study of fossil remains rest on French founda- 

 tions. 



Simultaneously with the earlier work of Cuvier, the 

 talented BICHAT (1771-1801) essayed a deeper analysis 

 of animal structure. He directed attention especially to the 

 tissues of animals, and thereby prepared the ground for 

 the rise of histology. 



In the domain of comparative anatomy, the work of 

 CUVIER was developed in France by Henri MILNE- 

 EDWARDS (1800-1885) an d by LACAZE-DUTHIERS (1821- 

 1901). Milne-Edwards' "Lemons sur la physiologic et 

 Panatomie comparee/' in fourteen volumes, 1857-1881, 

 is a mine of information for the comparative anatomist 



