340 ZOOLOGY 



In France, F. MESNIL, E. CHATTON, and others, have 

 been leaders. Incidentally, it may be mentioned that 

 until recently there has been associated with the Pasteur 

 Institute LAVERAN, a veteran in the study of pathogenic 

 protozoa, whose demonstration, in 1880, of the plas- 

 modium of malaria marks almost the beginning of work 

 in parasitic protozoology. Besides the work at the 

 Pasteur Institute, Raphael BLANCHARD, editor of the 

 "Archives de parasitologie," and member of the medical 

 faculty in Paris, offers courses in parasitology. Micro- 

 biology and parasitology are especially provided for at 

 the Universities of Algiers, Montpellier, Nancy, and 

 Poitiers. 



Entomology. In this field, including life-histories, 

 structure, habits and relation of insects to the organic 

 world the French annals show many notable names. 

 On the structural side, comes to mind the famous mono- 

 graph of STRAUS-DURCKHEIM, and the investigations of 

 Leon DITFOUR. The late J. Henri FABRE (1823-1915) 

 holds high esteem in the study of the behavior of insects. 

 His ten volumes of " Souvenirs entomologiques " are 

 deservedly world-famous. Many of his books have been 

 translated into English and are widely known. As a 

 successor to this interesting naturalist, cultivating 

 entomology in the same spirit with a more modern direc- 

 tion, may be mentioned Pol MARSCHAL at the Institut 

 Agronomique. The courses in entomology by BONNIER 

 have been already indicated. At the University of 

 Rennes is a Station of Entomology, giving especial 

 attention to insects injurious to vegetation. 



Zoological Palaeontology. As already stated, the in- 

 vestigation of extinct animals is properly included in 

 zoology, since they were merely the forerunners of living 

 animals, although the study is usually pursued under a 

 separate division of science designated Palaeontology. 



