EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES IN FRANCE 361 



medicine. At least the subjects of some of the courses, Hygiene, 

 Physiology, Biological Physics, and Biological Chemistry, suggest 

 courses of educational value that may not be and probably are not 

 intended exclusively for specialists. 



The studies pursued at the ficole superieure de Pharmacie are 

 Analytical Chemistry, Galenic Pharmacy, Mineral Chemistry, 

 Natural History of Medicaments, Physics, Zoology. Over a year 

 of study is required at the school, and finally the presentation of a 

 thesis containing personal research, which the candidate for a 

 degree is called upon to elucidate. 



As already stated, there is no longer a sixth faculty, that of the 

 cole de Theologie protestante. The courses, however, at this school 

 continue to be given by ten professors, and are similar to those laid 

 down in the curricula of may Protestant theological schools in this 

 country. They include Ecclesiastical History, Evangelical Ethics, 

 German, History of Philosophy, Lutheran Dogma, New Testament, 

 Old Testament, Organization of the Reformed Churches in France, 

 Patristics, Practical Theology, Reformed Dogma, Revelation, and 

 Holy Scripture. 



VI. THE PROVINCIAL UNIVERSITIES. 



The fifteen universities outside of Paris and in the different 

 sections of France are Aix, Algiers, Besancon, Bordeaux, Caen, 

 Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, 

 Nancy, Poitiers, Rennes, Toulouse. As their curricula are modeled 

 in a measure upon that at the University of Paris, no detailed de- 

 scription of them is necessary. None of them possesses, for ob- 

 vious reasons, the unrivaled opportunities found at the University 

 of Paris. Nevertheless, by this is not implied that they are lacking 

 in attractiveness either of natural or intellectual resources. Indeed, 

 the natural attractions of many of these institutions appeal to 

 many more strongly than the city advantages of Paris. With the 

 exception of the universities of Besancon and Clermont-Ferrand, 

 which have only the three faculties, Letters, Science, and Medicine, 

 the remaining provincial universities have f our faculties* Law, Let- 

 ters, Science, and Medicine; or five, counting the schools of Phar- 

 macy, usually comprised in the medical schools. Toulouse had, 

 like the University of Paris, before the law of December 9, 1905, of 

 separation of church and state, a faculty of Protestant Theology. 

 The universities of Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon, Montpellier, Nancy, and 



