INSTITUTIONS DEGREES, ETC. 397 



certificates are open to French students who present the "bac- 

 calaureat" or an exemption therefrom, and to foreign students who 

 have already obtained the " baccalaureat " or an equivalence for 

 the " baccalaureat." Prescribed course : One year of study involv- 

 ing four "inscriptions"; examinations comprise a written test, a 

 test as to laboratory ability, and an oral test. Expenses involved : 

 " Inscriptions," 130 francs; the laboratory fees vary from 40 to 

 100 francs according to the nature of the studies; examination 

 fee, 35 francs for the first certificate, and 30 francs for each suc- 

 ceeding certificate. 



Licence es Sciences. The "diplome de licencie es sciences "is 

 conferred, on the payment of a diploma fee of 40 francs, to any 

 student who has obtained three of the "certificats d'etudes supe- 

 rieures," chosen by him from the list of those which the Faculty 

 is authorized to grant. 



Diplomes deludes superieures de Sciences. These diplomas are 

 three in number and bear an indication of one of the following lines 

 of specialization: Mathematics, Physical sciences, Natural 

 sciences. Conditions of admission: No condition whatever as to 

 age, "inscription," degree, or nationality is required. Examina- 

 tions: (i) Composition of a monograph bearing on a subject 

 approved by the Faculty; (2) an oral examination on this work 

 and allied subject-matter. 



Doctoral es Sciences. The "doctorat es sciences" is general, so 

 far as the degree is concerned, but the diploma may bear an indica- 

 tion of one of the following lines of specialization: Mathematics, 

 Physical sciences, Natural sciences. Conditions of admission: 

 Candidates must be "licencies es sciences" ("Licence d'enseigne- 

 ment") or, if they are foreigners, have obtained an equivalence of 

 the "licence." Examinations: Two theses or a thesis and a dis- 

 cussion of problems formulated by the Faculty. Fees for the 

 examination and diploma: 145 francs. 



D. Degrees and Diplomas in Letters. 



The degrees and diplomas of the State, earned under the Faculties 

 of Letters, are the "Licence es lettres," the "Diplomes d'etudes 

 superieures," and the "Doctorat es lettres." 



The "diplome de licencie es lettres" bears an indication of one 

 of the following lines of specialization: Philosophy, History and 

 Geography, Classical Languages and Literatures, Modern Lan- 

 guages and Literatures. Conditions of admission: French candi- 



