26 FRUIT CULTURE. 



follows the ordinary plough along each furrow, breaking 

 up the subsoil from 6 to 9 inches below the depth of the 

 ordinary plough. It is best to employ two teams, the 

 first one ploughing a deep ordinary furrow, followed by 

 the second team with the subsoil plough. As to a suit- 

 able make of plough to use, we ourselves tried several 

 without getting one exactly to answer our purpose. But 

 we last season had one made as shown by Fig. 3. The 



FIG. 3. SUBSOIL PLOUGH. 



upright peg on the right-hand side of the cutting sliave 

 we have found to effect all that is required, and it will 

 be seen, on watching the plough in operation, that this peg 

 thoroughly lifts and breaks up the subsoil, thus leaving 

 it in a loose and open condition. 



Where there is not, however, sufficient land for either of 

 the foregoing appliances, it may of course be prepared by 

 hand. This should be done by what is ordinarily known 

 as bastard trenching, or the breaking up of the land two 

 spits deep ; but in doing this, on no account must the sub- 

 soil be brought to the surface, but merely broken up and 

 turned over, turning the next spit of surface soil on to the 

 top of the subsoil thus broken up. 



Whether it is intended to plant orchard standard trees 

 alone or mixed plantations, I Avould strongly urge the 

 advisability of thus moving the whole of the land to an 

 even depth in preference to digging or trenching holes for 

 each tree. If the land be at all stiff and retentive, this 



