176 FRUn CULTURE. 



the manure may be relied on if it does not cure canker 

 it will, at any rate, certainly benefit the trees." 



The ordinary remedies and preventatives are to cut 

 away all affected shoots and branches, clean the wounds 

 on large branches or stems, and dress with Stockholm 

 tar or some other composition to prevent the im-oads of 

 insects and fungus, and to assist the wound to heal. 



To see that the soil is properly drained, well cultivated, 

 and contains sufficient nuti-iment to sustain the trees in 

 health. 



Also be careful in planting to avoid any varieties that 

 are known to be liable to the disease on any particular soil. 



In after cultivation see that the trees are from time to 

 time supplied with proper nourishment, and in all cases 

 ameliorate the upper soil, so as to encourage the roots of 

 the trees to produce plenty of fibrous roots near the sur- 

 face. By these means, good, healthy growth will be 

 obtained, and this, ripening in due season, will be in most 

 cases a sufficient safeguard against the inroads of canker, 

 as well as other diseases. 



MILDEW. 



The delicate and white, thread-like branches of the fungus 

 form a web-like felt, deriving its nourishment from the 

 parts affected, weakening the trees, and rendei^ing them 

 unfruitful. It produces erect hypha or threads, the cells 

 of which become constricted and rounded off at the ends 

 till they assume an oval outline, constituting the vegeta- 

 tive or bud spores, by which the fungus is propagated, 

 and spread from leaf to leaf, and from tree to tree, by 

 means of the wind, and other agencies. 



REMEDIES. Being a surface feeding parasite, mildew 

 can easily be got at and destroyed by the application of 



