KEY TO THE ORDERS. 



f Lower portion of thigh not feathered (with one exception [Little 



_ I Bittern] where lores bare, bill long and straight, head flattened 



'I on top) 8 



* Lower portion of thigh feathered .10 



Loral or orbital region or both bare : 



Gressores (Storks, Ibises and Herons) 



Lora! and orbital regions fully feathered 



Common Heron (Ardea cinerea). 



1st visible primary generally longest 

 or equal to 2nd (in few instances, 

 such as Vanellus, Chettuna, Burhinus, 

 shorter than 2nd); distinct narrow 

 and stiff rudimentary real 1st primary, 

 concealed by coverts : 



Limicolce (Waders) 



1st primary shorter than 2nd, no dis- 

 tinct rudimentary primary : Alecto- 

 rides (Bustards, Cranes, and Rails) 



Rudimentary real 1st primaries of 



A. Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). 



B. Grey Plover (Squatarola 



squatarola). 



C. Common Snipe (Oallinago 



gallinago). 



Nostrils opening in soft, fleshy membrane : 



Colunibce (Pigeons) 



Nostrils in sharply defined cere at base of upper 

 1(M mandible H 



No cere or soft, fleshy membrane at base of upper 

 mandible 12 



Wood-Pigeon 

 (Columbapalumbus). 



