vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE 



Serin (Serinus c. serinus), head?... ... ... ... ... ... 72 



Northern Bullfinch (Pyrrhula p. pyrrhula) and British Bullfinch (P.p. 



pileata), bills 74 



Scarlet Grosbeak (Carpodacus e. erythrinus), $ autumn 78 



Pine-Grosbeak (Pinicola e. emtcleator), wing and head ... ... 81 



PLATE 4. Common Crossbill (Loxia c. curvirostra). Male, female and 



juveniles facing 84 



Common Crossbill (Loxia c. curvirostra), adult, nestling, Scottish Cross- 

 bill (L. c. scotica), and Parrot-Crossbill (L. pytyopsittacus), bills ... 88 



Two-barred Crossbill (L. 1. bifasciata), wing 89 



Chaffinch (Fringilla c. cozUbs), wing 92 



Brambling (F. montifringilla), wing 95 



Brambling, from above ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 97 



Snowfinch (Montifringilla n. nivalis), wing and head ... ... 98 



House-Sparrow (Passer d. domesticus) and Tree-Sparrow (P. m. 



montanus), heads ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 101 



Corn-Bunting (Emberiza c. calandra), head ... ... ... ... 108 



PLATE 5. 1, Yellow Bunting (Emberiza c. citrinetta). 2, Girl Bunting 

 (E. cirlus). 3, Pine-Bunting (E. leucocephala). 4, Black-headed 

 Bunting (E. melanocephala) . 5, Yellow-breasted Bunting (E. 

 aureola). 6, Ortolan Bunting (E. hortulana.) 7, Meadow- 

 Bunting (E. c. cia). 8, East Siberian Meadow-Bunting (E. 

 cioides castaneiceps) . 9, Little Bunting (E. pusilla) 10, Rustic 

 Bunting (E. rutftica) ... ... ... ... ... ... facing 120 



Reed- Bun ting (Emberiza s. schoeniclus), Western Large-billed Reed- 

 Bunting (E. p. palustris) and Eastern Large - billed Reed- 

 Bunting (E. p. tschusii), heads 136 



Lapland Bunting (Calcarius I. lapponicus), head and foot ... ... 138 



Snow-Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), $ first winter, $ ad. wings ... 142 

 White-winged Lark (Melanocorypha sibirica), wing ... ... ... 147 



Black Lark (M. yeltoniensis), head and foot ... ... ... ... 149 



Calandra Lark (M. c. calandra), head ... ... ... ... ... 151 



Short-toed Lark (Calandrella b. brachydactyla), head 154 



Crested Lark (Galeridac. cristata), head ... ... ... ... ... 157 



Wood-Lark (Lullula a. arborea), head and wing ... ... ... 160 



Sky-Lark (Alauda a. arvensis), head ... ... ... ... ... 163 



PLATE 6. 1, Juvenile Snow-Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis). 2, 

 Juvenile Wood-Lark (Lullula a. arborea). 3, Juvenile Sky- 

 Lark (Alauda a. arvensis). 4, First-winter Richard's Pipit 

 (Anthus r. rwhardi). 5, Juvenile Rock-Pipit (A. s. petrosus). 

 6, 1st primaries of Sky-Lark (a) juvenile, (b) adult. 7, Crest- 

 feathers of (c) Sky-Lark, (d) Wood-Lark, (e) Crested Lark. 

 8, Rump-feathers (/) Red-throated Pipit, (g) Meadow-Pipit facing 164 

 Shore-Lark (Eremophila a. flava), head ... ... ... ... ... 168 



Richard's Pipit (Anthus r. richardi), foot 172 



Tawny Pipit (A. c. campestris), foot ... ... ... ... ... 174 



Tree-Pipit (A. trivialis), Meadow-Pipit (A. pratensis), wings and feet ... 177 

 PLATE 7. 1, Blue-headed Wagtail (Motacilla f. flava). 2, Yellow Wag- 

 tail (M. f. rayi). 3, Grey-headed Wagtail (M. f. thunbergi). 4, 

 Sykes's Wagtail (M. f. beema). 5, Ashy-headed Wagtail (M. f. 

 cinereocapilla). 6, Black-headed Wagtail (M. f. feldegg) ... facing 210 



Grey Wagtail (Motacilla c. cinerea), head ' 203 



PLATE 8. Pied Wagtails (M. a. lugubris) and White Wagtails (M. a. 



a too) in various plumages ... ... ... ... ...facing 192 



Masked Wagtail (M. a. personata), head 212 



British Tree-Creeper (Certhia f. britlanica), head, tail and foot ... 215 



Wall-Creeper (Tichodroma muraria), wing and bill 219 



British Nuthatch (Sitta e. britannica), head and foot 222 



British Great Titmouse (Parus m. newtoni) and Continental Great 



Titmouse (P. m. major), showing difference in bills 227 



