FAMILY FRINGILLIDJE. 



43 



f Bill enormous, width at base over 10 mm. 

 ' I Bill less large, width at base under 10 mm. 



Coccothraustes, p. 44 



Cutting-edges of mandibles straight and coter- 

 minous, mandibular angle at chin very slightly 

 indicated 4 



Cutting-edges of mandibles incurved, often leaving 

 visible gap in outlines of closed bill ; mandibular 

 angle at chin acute 12 



{ Culmen curved, bill short and stout .... 5 

 1 Culmen nearly or quite straight, bill more elongated 

 I and pointed 8 



Larger, wing over 100 mm. ; bill more than half as 



long as head Pinicola, p. 81 



Smaller, wing under 100 mm. ; bill not more than 



half length of head 



Very small, wing under 80 mm. ; yellow in plumage 



of adult Serinus, p. 71 



Larger, wing about 80 mm., or more ; no yellow in 



plumage of adult 7 



C First visible primary longest Carpodacus, p. 78 



I First visible primary shorter than second . . . Pyrrhula, p. 74 



fBill very stout ; green in plumage CMoris, p. 47 



(. Bill not so stout ; no green in plumage ... 9 



( Gonys (lower outline of under mandible) straight 10 



I Gonys convex Passer, p. 100 



10 



11 



12 



Larger, wing over 100 mm. ; lateral tail-feathers 



almost entirely white Montifringitta, p. 



Smaller, wing under 100 mm. ; lateral tail-feathers 

 only partially, if at all, white 11 



Tail over 60 mm. 

 Tail under 60mm. 



Fringitta, p. 91 

 Carduelis, p. 50 



Wings very long, 4th (3rd visible) primary much 



shorter than ind ; longest primaries exceeding 



shorter secondaries by twice length of tarsus, falling 



short of tail by not more than length of tarsus : Plectrophenax, p. 140 

 Wings not so long, 4th primary little, if at all, 



shorter than 2nd ; longest primaries exceeding 



shortest secondaries by less than twice length of 



tarsus, falling short of tail by much more than 



length of tarsus 13 



Hind claw curved, shorter than hind toe ... Emberiza, p. 106 

 Hind claw slightly arched or nearly straight, nearly 



equal to or longer than hind toe Calcarius, p. 136 



