THE HAWFINCH. 45 



webs, inner greater coverts rufous-brown; median coverts white 

 with black bases ; lesser coverts black-brown. This plumage is 

 acquired by complete moult in August and September. Summer. 

 No moult and scarcely any change by abrasion, but forepart of 

 crown becomes rather paler. 



Adult female. Winter and summer. Like male but paler and 

 less rufous ; black of fore-head and lores much reduced ; crown, 

 rump, upper tail-coverts especially paler and more greyish-brown ; 

 sides of head and under-parts also considerably paler and more 

 greyish ; tail not so white at tip ; primaries with distal half of 

 outer webs grey-brown ; secondaries with outer webs fringed grey 

 instead of glossy purple. 



Nestling. Down, white, long, and plentiful ; distribution, 

 inner supra -orbital, occipital, humeral, spinal, ulnar, femoral, 

 ventral, and crural. Mouth, inside violet-pink, no tongue-spots ; 

 externally, flanges yellowish-orange and whitish at angles (C. B. 

 Ticehurst, Brit. B., n, p. 192). 



Juvenile (Plate 2). Male. Very narrow line of black round 

 base of bill ; head and nape greenish-brown ; hind-neck greyer ; 

 mantle sepia ; rump buff ; upper tail-coverts brown ; whole upper- 

 parts faintly mottled black ; chin and throat pale huffish-yellow ; 

 rest of under-parts pale buff, breast mottled brown, flanks and sides 

 barred brown-black, centre of belly, vent, and under tail-coverts 

 pale buff ; axillaries white ; tail and wing-feathers as adult ; greater 

 and median coverts rather paler and more buffish than adult. 

 Female. Like male but with no black round bill and whiter (less 

 buff) under-parts, and primaries and secondaries fringed grey- 

 brown and grey as in adult female. 



First winter and summer. Male and female. Like adults but 

 primary-coverts apparently not so glossy. The juvenile body- 

 feathers and wing-coverts are moulted in August but not primary- 

 coverts, remiges or rectrices. 



Measurements and structure. wing 100-106 mm., tail 47-53, 

 tarsus 18-20, bill from feathers 18-20 (14 measured). ? wing 97-106. 

 Primaries : 1st minute and hidden, 3rd and 4th usually equal 

 and longest, 2nd usually 1-2 mm. shorter, 5th 2-5 shorter, 6th 

 13-16 shorter ; 3rd to 5th emarginated outer webs ; 6th to 

 9th notched and curled at tip. Secondaries about equal 10th 

 primary, square at tip and slightly notched. Tail almost 

 square ; upper tail-coverts within 10 mm. of tip of tail, under 

 coverts slightly shorter. Bill extremely deep and broad. Oblong 

 horny pad on palate and two " bosses " below in lower Jaw 

 (W. P. Pycraft, Brit. B., I, p. 152). SmaU rictal and nasal 

 bristles. 



Soft parts. Bill lead-blue, blackish at tip and yellowish under 

 lower mandible (summer), yellowish-horn with dark brown tip 

 (winter and juvenile* legs and feet brownish-flesh ; iris greyish- 

 white. 



