66 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



25. Carduelis hornemanni exilipes (Coues) COUES'S 

 REDPOLL. 



EXILIPES Coues, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Nov., 

 1861 {pub. 1862), p. 385 (Fort Simpson, Arctic America). 



DESCRIPTION (Plate 3). Adult male. Like C. h. hornemanni but 

 smaller and more inclined to buff on hind-neck and mantle ; rump 

 not so pure a white but unstreaked ; upper tail-coverts with 

 narrower white edgings and tips ; flanks slightly more streaked ; 

 pink of breast slightly stronger ; sides of head slightly more buff ; 

 under tail-coverts often streaked. 



Adult female and first winter male. Like those of C. h. horne- 

 manni but slightly darker and more buff on upper-parts and 

 flanks rather more streaked. 



Nestling. (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. Like that of C. I. cabaret but very slightly more 

 marked with greyish-white on crown, mantle and back ; belly 

 rather purer white ; rump streaked not uniform as in adult. 



Measurements. $ wing 73-79 mm., tail 52-59, tarsus 13.5-16, 

 bill from skull 8-9 (14 measured). $ wing 69-76. Bill depth 

 and width like C. I. linaria. 



BREEDING-HABITS. Very similar to those of other Redpolls, and 

 like them shows social tendency, breeding in low birch and 

 willow scrub ; H. Pearson detected no difference in breeding- 

 habits of this and Mealy Redpoll. Eggs. 4-6 with charac- 

 teristic dull greenish-blue ground. Average of 9 authentic eggs, 

 17.35 X 12.91 mm. Breeding-season. In Lapland about mid- 

 June. One brood. 



DISTRIBUTION. Great Britain. Very rare vagrant. A specimen 

 assigned to this form occurred at Easington (Yorks.), winter 1893-4, 

 and two others at Skeffling (Yorks.), Dec. 30, 1898 (Birds Yorks., 

 i, p. 188). Three Fair Isle, Oct. 26, Nov. 3, Nov. 5, 1910 (W. E. 

 Clarke, Studies in Bird Migration, n, p. 111). 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Lapland and north Russia, northern- 

 most portions of continents of Asia and America. In winter 

 southwards to East Prussia (rare), Japan, and northern United 

 States of America. 



CARDUELIS CITRINELLA 



26. Carduelis citrinella citrinella (L.) THE CITRIL FINCH. 



FRINGILLA CITRINELLA Linnaeus Syst. Nat, ed. xn, i, p. 320, (1766 

 " Hab. in Europa australi." Restricted typical locality : Alps ; Hartert, 

 Vog. pal. Fauna, i, p. 81). 



Citril Finch, Yarrell, n, p. 113 (in footnote) ; Saunders, p. 178 (in text) ; 

 Chryaomitria citrinella, id., Brit. B., i, p. 12. 



