166 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



same routes from late Feb. to early April. From mid-Sept, to 

 early Nov. vast numbers from central Europe arrive between 

 Tees and Kent ; from north Europe throughout Oct. and early 

 Nov. (main arrival Oct. 10 to 21) in Shetlands, and east coast 

 Scotland and north-east coast England. Majority of central 

 European birds pass on, following route taken by our residents, 

 while north European birds form bulk of winter-residents, many 

 crossing to Ireland. Spring-emigration from Ireland along same 

 lines from mid-Feb. to late March. Our winter-visitors leave 

 north-east and east coasts for north and central Europe from 

 mid-Feb. to early May. Return movement of " passage- birds " 

 observed second week March to mid- April. Occasional " weather 

 movements " all three coasts in Dec., Jan. and Feb. 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Europe with exception of south Italy 

 and south-east Europe, and Mediterranean islands, where it is 

 represented by a very closely allied subspecies. Other allied forms 

 inhabit west Siberia and other portions of north and middle Asia 

 and north-west Africa. Casual in Bermuda. 



66. Alauda arvensis cinerascens Ehmcke THE EASTERN 

 SKY-LARK. 



ALAUDA CIKERASCENS Ehmcke, Journ. f. Orn. 1904, p. 313 (author 



altered name because it had been preoccupied A. cinerea Gmelin, 



Syst. Nat. i, 2, p. 798, 1789. According to Article 36 of the Rules, 



Ehmcke's alteration must be accepted.)* 



Alauda cinerea Ehmcke, Journ. f. Orn., 1903, p. 149 (Barnaul in W. 



Siberia). 



Alauda arvensis cinerea, W. E. Clarke, Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., 1906, p. 139 ; 



Hand-List B.B., p. 31 (1912). 



DESCRIPTION. Adult male and female. Winter. Like Alauda 

 a. arvensis, but upper-parts with light and dark colours more 

 contrasted and cleaner looking, pale tips of feathers being whiter 

 and fringes being pale pinkish-buff not so yellowish ; under-parts 

 much whiter without yellowish tinge, lower-breast, belly and 

 under tail-coverts pure white ; upper-breast pale pinkish- buff 

 (not yellowish). Summer. Difference in under-parts not so 

 marked, but A. a. cinerascens always purer white, upper- parts 

 considerably greyer with dark markings more clearly cut and more 

 strongly contrasted. 



Juvenile.- Ljfce that of A. a. arvensis but less yellowish, tips 

 of feathers of upper-parts being white and under-parts being white 

 without yellowish tinge. 



Measurements and structure. As A. a. arvensis. 



I have formerly not fully recognized Art. 36 of the Rules, but now 

 accept necessity of doing so. E.H. 



