174 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



taken in winter-quarters (Legge). Insects are main food in 

 summer. 



DISTRIBUTION. British Isles. Vagrant. Over eighty recorded 

 in various parts England, but chiefly in south coast counties and 

 Norfolk. In Scotland, single birds Perth, Kirkcudbright and 

 Midlothian, several autumn 1908, one Sept. 26, 1909, two Oct. 6, 

 1911, and one Oct. 2, 1912, Fair Isle. In Ireland, one Lucan 

 (Dublin) Nov. 21, 1907, one Howth (Dublin) Oct. 23, 1911. 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. North Asia. Migrant, wintering in 

 tropical India and south China, and frequently visiting Europe, 

 even west Europe, and Mediterranean countries. An allied race 

 breeds in south Mongolia and China south to Himalayas and 

 Khasia Hills. 



ANTHUS CAMPESTRIS 



69. .Anthus campestris (L.) THE TAWNY PIPIT. 



ALAUDA CAMPESTEIS Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 166 (1758 



"Habitat in Europa." Restricted typical locality : Sweden). 

 Anthus campestris (Linnaeus), Yarrell, i, p. 592 ; Saunders, p. 137. 



DESCRIPTION. Adult male and 

 female. Winter. Fore-head and 

 crown pale sandy-brown (often 

 slightly tinged greyish) somewhat 

 indistinctly streaked black-brown ; 

 mantle, scapulars, and upper 

 tail-coverts same but more uni- 

 form with Only very fine Streaks; Tawny Pipit ( Anthus c. campestris). 



rump same but unstreaked ; 

 stripe from base of bill, over eye to back of crown cream- 

 colour ; lores and ear-coverts brown and cream ; chin and 

 throat yellowish to whitish cream-colour usually with an 

 interrupted dark brown moustachial stripe but sometimes 

 without any dark marks ; breast more buff, usually with a 

 few short dark brown streaks but sometimes unstreaked ; 

 flanks buff ; belly, under tail-coverts and axillaries cream-colour 

 to buffish-white ; tail dark brown, central pair broadly, and rest 

 very narrowly edged and tipped pale buff, outermost pair with 

 outer web and most of inner (in wedge-shape) whitish to huffish 

 cream-colour, next (penultimate) pair with brown shaft and smaller 

 wedge of cream on inner web (N.B. Amount of cream-colour 

 varies considerably) ; wing-feathers dark brown edged and tipped 

 whitish very narrowly on outer, and more broadly on inner webs : 

 inner secondaries and greater coverts broadly edged and tipped 

 buff ; median coverts same but with blacker centres ; lesser 

 coverts pale sandy-brown ; primary-coverts as primaries. This 



