THE PIED WAGTAIL. 207 



some inner greater and median wing-coverts and central tail- 

 feathers are moulted in Jan. -March, but not rest of wings or tail. 

 Whole upper-parts black with only a few dark grey feathers here 

 and there ; chin and throat black joining black of upper-breast ; 

 centre of sides of neck white, and rest of plumage as winter. 



Adult female. Winter. Much like adult male, but usually 

 with more grey on mantle, flanks slightly less dark, wing-feathers 

 and wing-coverts very slightly browner, less black and their tips 

 and edges less pure white. Moult as male. Summer. Moult 

 as male. Like male but mantle with more dark grey and less 

 blackish -brown, black extending rather less far down breast. 



Nestling. Down, smoke-grey. Distribution, inner and outer 

 supra-orbital, occipital, humeral, ulnar, spinal, femoral, crural and 

 ventral (very scanty on two last). Mouth, inside orange-yellow, 

 no spots ; externally flanges very pale yellow. 



Juvenile. Male and female. Crown, mantle, scapulars and 

 back grey tinged huffish-brown ; fore-head and indefinite line down 

 sides of crown darker, often blackish ; rump sooty -brown-black ; 

 upper tail-coverts more glossy black, slightly tipped buff ; lores, 

 line over eye and ear-coverts dull buffish-white, mottled dark smoke ; 

 chin and throat dull white, many feathers tipped sooty-brown- 

 black ; crescentic breast-band smoky-brown-black ; breast and 

 flanks smoke-grey tinged buffish ; belly and under tail-coverts 

 dull white ; wing-feathers as adult but more greyish-black and 

 fringes and tips of outer webs ashy-grey tinged buff ; primary- 

 coverts as primaries ; greater coverts with ashy-grey fringes 

 and dull white tips ; median coverts with dull white tips ; lesser 

 coverts tipped buffish-grey. 



First winter. Male. Like adult male, but fore-head tinged 

 yellowish and usually mottled with black ; ear-coverts and some- 

 times chin and throat tinged yellowish ; back of crown often 

 with some grey feathers amongst black ; mantle and scapulars 

 dark grey slightly tinged olivaceous and with very little black 

 (much like adult female but still less black) ; breast and belly 

 duller white than adult and flanks paler ; wing-feathers much 

 browner, not so black as adult, and fringes of outer webs ashy- 

 grey, not white ; new innermost secondaries greater and median 

 wing-coverts browner and with duller white edges and tips (un- 

 moulted juvenile feathers still browner and with ashy-grey edges) ; 

 lesser wing-coverts blackish tipped dark grey. The juvenile 

 body-feathers, lesser wing-coverts, most median and inner greater 

 coverts, some innermost secondaries are moulted in Aug.-Oct., 

 but not rest of wing-feathers or tail. First summer. Moult as in 

 adult, but some innermost secondaries, a good many greater and 

 median wing-coverts and central pair of tail-feathers are more 

 regularly moulted, while rarely whole tail is moulted. New 

 plumage indistinguishable from that of adult female summer, but 

 wing-feathers are much browner and old feathers in wing-coverts 



