RUPPELL'S WARBLER. 375 



and autumn (Aug. to Oct.) ; Shetlands, Lerwick, three times in 

 autumn ; O. Hebrides, St. Kilda, several Sept. 1910, one Oct. 

 1911, Flannan Isles, one Sept. 1904, one May 1905, one Aug., one 

 Oct. 1914, Barra, one Oct. 1898. Ireland. Four. Tearaght 

 Light (Kerry) Oct. 1, 1890, InishtrahuU Light (Donegal) Oct. 

 10, 1899, RockabiU (Dublin) May 13, 1913, Maidens (Antrim) 

 Sept. 19, 1915. 



MIGRATIONS. Great Britain. Summer-residents begin to arrive 

 April 8th (early date March 28) ; main body third week April to 

 fourth week May. Passage-migration east coast and northern 

 isles end April to end first week June. Southward movement of 

 summer-residents begins end July, main body leave during middle 

 weeks Sept. Passage-movement east coast mid -August to first 

 week Oct., stragglers frequent to mid -Oct. (Late dates Lincoln 

 Oct. 20, 1910, Yorks. Oct. 27, 1909, Essex Nov. 30, 1912, Hereford 

 Dec. 15, 1910.) 



DISTRIBUTION. Abroad. Breeds in Europe from about 64-65 

 in Scandinavia and north Russia to Mediterranean, east to Ural 

 and apparently to Caucasus, Asia Minor and Persia, but absent from 

 Spain. Winters principally in north-east Africa. Replaced by 

 other races in Siberia and central Asia, and Khirgiz Steppes. 



157. Sylvia ruppelli Temm. RUPPELL'S WARBLER. 



SYLVIA BUPPELI (corr. ruppelli) Temminck, PL. Col. 245, fig. 1 (1823 

 Kandia ; though occurring in Kandia (Crete) Temminck's type came 

 evidently from the Red Sea or from Egypt ; cf. Cretzsehmar, Atlas 

 Reise, p. 29). 

 Sylvia ruppelli H. W. Ford-Lindsay, Brit. B., vm, p. 93. 



DESCRIPTION (Plate 13). Adult male. Winter. Fore-head, lores 

 and crown black, feathers lightly tipped grey ; rest of upper- 

 parts french-grey slightly darker on upper tail-coverts ; chin 

 and throat black, some feathers lightly tipped white ; from base 

 of bill to base of ear -co verts a conspicuous white moustachial stripe ; 

 ear-coverts dark french-grey, sometimes almost black ; breast, 

 belly and under tail-coverts greyish-white tinged pink, centre of 

 belly pure white ; flanks and axillaries pale grey, slightly tinged 

 pink ; tail-feathers black, central pair and outer webs of others 

 tinged grey and fringed whitish, outermost pair white with only 

 base black, next (penultimate) pair with the tip white extending 

 to about distal third of inner web, next pair with smaller white 

 tip ; wing-feathers black, tipped and fringed on inner and outer 

 webs greyish-white, innermost secondaries fringed buffish-pink ; 

 primary-coverts as primaries ; greater coverts tinged grey and 

 inner ones fringed buffish-pink ; median coverts french-grey tipped 

 whitish ; lesser coverts french-grey. This plumage is acquired 

 by complete moult Sept .-Nov. Summer. No moult, and abrasion 



